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Kobiety Wielkiej Armii Napoleona. Szkic do portretu

100%

Kaniewski P. , Kostrzewa K.

Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

2011

tom 09

Sutlers were women acompanied Napoleon’s army in the wars conducted by Kaiser. This covers: laundress, cantiniére, hawkers, prostitutes. Moreover some of them also women, which distinguished themselves in fight on the battlefileld. Each sutlers was assigned to a specific regiment. The evolution of the phenomenon occurring during the French Revolution. At that time, at the time of dissolution of the army Bourbon and the formation of battalions of volunteers, their number in the ranks of the French a significant increase. Along with her husband, brother, father, sometimes also with a lover, they leave their provincial town, going to the front line. Then she tried, as long as possible to be under the banner of the Republic, demonstrating its usefulness for the defenders of the homeland. Then it completely took over the trade, liquor, supplied various small objects such as combs, mirrors. It is worth noting that in a bad provisioning the army – in which there was often hungry – not soldiers by providing food was not to be underestimated. It is sutlers, pulling his troops in cars supplied with food, as well as the alcohol is required for all medical procedures. Both the revolutionary authorities, as well as afterwards by Napoleon himself tried to limit the number of women in the military. For this purpose, are introduced various regulatory constraints, such as they had to prove ownership of their profession. Position of women in the French army has changed only with the battle of Austerlitz, in which distinguished themselves in active combat on the battlefield, and since 1807, the Poles found themselves in the ranks of Napoleon gave evidence of his extraordinary courage. Among them, the most famous Polish sutlers were: Helena Kurdwanówna and Joanna śubrowa. The major wars of Napoleon, in which the Poles played a big role in the campaign include Spanish, war in 1809 and 1812.

Zastosowanie procesu AOD w produkcji odlewów staliwnych do pracy w ekstremalnych warunkach eksploatacji

61%

Kostrzewa K. , Kutera W. , Zdonek B. , Żak A. , Szypuła I. , Jezierski J.

Journal of Metallic Materials

2020

tom Vol. 72, no. 2

53--62

Wymagania do eksploatacji odlewów staliwnych w ekstremalnych warunkach dotyczą gatunków od nisko- do wysokostopowych wytwarzanych z zastosowaniem pozapiecowej obróbki staliwa w celu uzyskania bardzo dokładnej regulacji składu chemicznego oraz zapewnienia bardzo wysokiej czystości staliwa. Optymalnym rozwiązaniem dla warunków odlewni było zastosowanie konwertora AOD (po raz pierwszy w Polsce) do rafinacji staliwa spuszczanego z pieców: łukowego i indukcyjnego. Zbadano pod względem jakości odlewy ze staliwa niskostopowego do pracy w niskich temperaturach, staliwa wysoko topowego, martenzytycznego do pracy w wysokich temperaturach i wysokostopowego duplex, do pracy w środowiskach wysoce korozyjnych. Zastosowanie procesu AOD zapewni odlewni znaczne powiększenie portfela zamówień, zarówno krajowych jak i na eksport, przy równoczesnym zwiększeniu rentowności produkcji odlewni.

Requirements for the use of steel castings in extreme conditions apply to grades from low- to high-alloyed produced with the use of secondary treatment of cast steel in order to obtain very accurate regulation of the chemical composition and to ensure very high purity of the cast steel. The optimal solution for foundry conditions was the use of an AOD converter ( for the first time in Poland) for the refining of steel cast from electric arc furnace. In terms of internal quality, low-alloy cast steel castings for low temperature operation, high-alloy martensitic cast steel for high temperature operation and high-alloy duplex casting for high corrosive environments were tested. The application of the AOD process will provide the foundry with a significant increase in its domestic and international portfolio, while increasing the profitability of the foundry’s production.