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1

Origin of the subscapular artery in the South African Black population

100%

Xhakaza N. K. , Satyapal K. S.

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2014

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tom 73

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nr 4

EN

There is great variability in the branching patterns of the axillary artery (AA). Racial differences have been reported to play a role in this variability. The subscapular artery (SA) is the largest and most variable branch of the AA. It usually arises from the third part of the AA at the inferior border of the subscapularis muscle. Approximately 4 cm from its origin, the SA divides into the circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal arteries. Two types of the SA have been described, depending on the site of its origin from the AA in relation to the point where the AA passes between the lateral and medial roots of the median nerve. It is referred to as the superficial SA (SSA), when proximal, and the deep SA (DSA), when distal to this point, respectively. This study aimed to determine the site and distance of origin of the SA from the outer border of the first rib in the South African Black population. The study comprised bilateral gross anatomical dissections of 50 adult Black South African cadavers (n = 100 AAs). The site and distance of origin of each vessel from the outer border of the first rib were recorded. Additional branches and variations were also noted. The SSA and DSA were found in 52.8% and 47.2% of cases, respectively. In 16.8% of cases, the SA gave rise to the posterior circumflex humeral artery and the lateral thoracic artery in 33.7% cases. The SA was absent in 11% of the cases. The prevalence of the SSA reported in this study differs from values ranging between 1.7% and 16% reported in the literature. The high incidence of the SSA in this study may have clinical significance as a superficial course of the arteries make them vulnerable to injury during surgical procedures. (Folia Morphol 2014; 73, 4: 486–491)

2

An anatomical investigation of the carotid canal

80%

Naidoo N. , Lazarus L. , Ajayi N. O. , Satyapal K. S.

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2017

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tom 76

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nr 2

EN

Background: The carotid canal (CC) located in the petrous temporal bone transmits the internal carotid artery, internal carotid venous plexus and sympathetic nerve plexus from the neck into the cranial cavity. It is an accessible passage into the cranial cavity and is considered an important anatomical landmark for neurosurgeons. The aim of this study was to investigate the topographical, morphometric and morphological parameters of the CC. Materials and methods: An examination of the CC and related adjacent structures in 81 dry skull specimens was performed. Distribution of sample by sex was 34 females and 47 males, and by race 77 African and 4 Caucasian. The mean age was 50 years (range: 14–100 years). Results: The external opening of the CC was found to be round-shaped, oval-shaped and tear-drop-shaped in 28.4%, 49.4% and 22.2% of the specimens, respectively. (1) Mean diameters [mm]: (a) medio-lateral 7.52 mm and (b) antero- -posterior 5.41mm. Statistically significant difference in the vertical diameter was recorded in the race groups and laterality of the samples. (2) Mean distances [mm] between: (a) medial margins of external opening of CC was 50.03 mm, (b) lateral margins of external opening of CC was 62.73 mm and (c) external openings of CC and foramen lacerum was 15.6 mm. There was a statistically significant correlation between race and location of the opening of external CC in relation to foramen lacerum (viz. postero-lateral, lateral and diagonal, and lateral). Conclusions: The present study corroborated previous reports on the CC; however, the tear-drop shaped external CC opening was a unique finding. The knowledge of the reference measurements pertaining to the CC and its relationship to adjacent structures may postulate a suitable surgical “safe-zone” range within the CC area. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 2: 289–294)

3

Coronary artery dominance dependent collateral development in the human heart

80%

Ajayi N. O. , Vanker E. A. , Satyapal K. S.

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2017

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tom 76

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nr 2

EN

Background: In obstructive coronary artery disease, coronary collateral arteries serve as alternative conduits for blood flow to the myocardial tissue supplied by the obstructed vessel(s). Therefore, they are a “natural coronary arterial bypass” to the region supplied by the obstructed vessels. This study aims to determine the influence of demographic and morphologic coronary arterial factors on coronary collateral development in coronary arterial obstruction. Materials and methods: The study group was selected from the coronary angiographic records of 2029 consecutive patients (mean age: 59 ± 12 years). Coronary collaterals were graded from 0 to 3 based on the collateral connection between the donor and recipient arteries. The angiograms of the patients (n = 286) with total obstruction of the coronary arteries were selected for analysis. Results: There were no significant association between patients’ age and sex and the formation of excellent collaterals. However, the location of atherosclerotic lesion affected collateral development in the right coronary artery. In addition, the right coronary arterial dominant pattern significantly influenced the formation of excellent coronary collaterals. Conclusions: Coronary collateral arteries are better developed in right dominant pattern. It may be concluded that coronary arterial morphological pattern influences coronary collateral artery development. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 2: 191–196)

4

An arthroscopic evaluation of the anatomical “critical zone”

80%

Naidoo N. , Lazarus L. , Osman S. A. , Satyapal K. S.

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2017

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tom 76

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nr 2

EN

Background: The “critical zone”, a region of speculated vascularity, is situated approximately 10 mm proximal to the insertion of the supraspinatus tendon. Despite its obvious role as an anatomical landmark demarcator, its patho-anatomic nature has been identified as the source of rotator cuff pathology. Although many studies have attempted to evaluate the vascularity of this region, the architecture regarding the exact length, width and shape of the critical zone, remains unreported. This study aimed to determine the shape and morphometry of the “critical zone” arthroscopically. Materials and methods: The sample series, which was comprised of 38 cases (n = 38) specific to pathological types, employed an anatomical investigation of the critical zone during routine real-time arthroscopy. Demographic representation: i) sex: 19 males, 19 females; ii) age range: 18–76 years; iii) race: white (n = 29), Indian (n = 7) and coloured (n = 2). Results: The incidence of shape and the mean lengths and widths of the critical zone were determined in accordance with the relevant demographic factors and patient history. Although the cresenteric shape was predominant, hemispheric and sail-shaped critical zones were also identified. The lengths and widths of the critical zone appeared markedly increased in male individuals. While the increase in age may account for the increased incidence of rotator cuff degeneration due to poor end-vascular supply, the additional factors of height and weight presented as major determinants of the increase in size of the critical zone. Conclusions: In addition, the comparisons of length and width with each other and shape yielded levels of significant difference, therefore indicating a directly proportional relationship between the length and width of the critical zone. This detailed understanding of the critical zone may prove beneficial for the success of post-operative rotator cuff healing. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 2: 277–283)

5

Morphometric analysis of the mandible in the Durban Metropolitan population of South Africa

80%

Ishwarkumar S. , Pillay P. , Haffajee M. R. , Satyapal K. S.

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2017

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tom 76

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nr 1

EN

Background: The identification of an individual from skeletal remains plays a vital role in forensic investigation as it is essential for the identification of the individual’s age, sex, and/or race and further analysis. Skeletal characteristics differ from one population group to another since population-specific osteometric standards exist for sex determination. Since the mandible is the largest, strongest and most durable compact facial bone, it is the best preserved after death. While sexual dimorphism of the mandible is indicated by its shape and size, morphometric analysis is more accurate in the determination of sex from the skull. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphometric parameters of the mandible in the Durban Metropolitan population. Materials and methods: Various morphometric parameters of the mandible were measured and assessed in 265 digital panoramic radiographs aged between 16 and 30 years (n = 530). Each parameter recorded was statistically analysed using SPSS to determine if a relationship existed between the parameter, and sex and age. Results: In this study the morphometric parameters of the male mandibles were greater than that of the females. This concurred with the findings of previous studies. The length of the mandibular ramus on the right and left sides was statistically significant with sex. Conclusions: This correlated with previous studies, indicating that the length of the mandibular ramus generally has higher sexual dimorphism than any other morphometric mandibular parameter (p = 0.000). However, only the length of the right mandibular body was statistically significant when compared with sex (p = 0.040). The findings of this study may assist forensic investigators, anatomists, anthropologists and maxillo-facial surgeons. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 1: 82–86)

6

Perceptions of South African academic instructors toward the teaching and learning of anatomy

80%

Lazarus L. , Sookrajh R. , Satyapal K. S.

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nr 4

EN

Background: Reflecting on teaching is commonly cited as a fundamental practice for personal and professional development. Educational research into the scholarship of teaching and learning anatomy includes engaging in discipline specific literature on teaching, reflecting on individual teaching methods and communicating these findings to peers. The aim of this paper was to formally assess the opinions of senior anatomy instructors regarding the state of anatomical knowledge at their respective institutions. Materials and methods: An open-ended questionnaire was devised consisting of eight direct questions seeking opinions on anatomy teaching, knowledge, potential educational developments and general thoughts on the teaching of anatomy to medical students. These were distributed to senior Anatomy Faculty (identified by the author by their affiliation with the Anatomical Society of Southern Africa) based at the eight national medical schools within the country. Results and Conclusions: A number of key themes emerged. Most senior faculty felt that the standard of medical education at their respective institutions was “good.” However, emphasis was also placed on the “quality of teaching” incorporating clinical scenarios. There were also indications that staff are split into those that are keen to do research and those that are happy to provide teaching to medical students as their primary function. Several challenges such as time constraints within the curricula, lack of cadavers to reinforce knowledge and lack of appropriately qualified staff were highlighted. Recommendations included fostering partnerships with both clinicians and medical scientists into the anatomy curriculum thus improving teaching and research. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78, 4: 871–878)

7

The impact of left main coronary artery morphology on the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in its branches

80%

Ajayi N. O. , Lazarus L. , Vanker E. A. , Satyapal K. S.

Folia Morphologica

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2013

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tom 72

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nr 3

EN

Background: Atherosclerotic occlusion of a coronary vessel is the commonest cause of ischaemic heart disease. The distribution of atherosclerotic lesions is not random, with stenoses preferentially situated at branch ostia, bifurcation points, and the proximal segments of daughter vessels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the intrinsic anatomical properties of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) on the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in its branches. Materials and methods: A retrospective review of 170 consecutive coronary angiograms obtained from the cardiac catheterisation laboratories of private hospitals in the eThekwini Municipality area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa was performed. The LMCA was absent in 19/170 (11.2%). The remaining angiograms (n = 151) were divided into two groups: normal 63/151 (41.7%) and those with coronary artery disease (CAD) 88/151 (58.3%). The CAD group was sub-divided into proximal 42/88 (47.7%), mixed (proximal and distal) 26/88 (29.6%) and distal 20/88 (22.7%) sub-groups based on the location of atherosclerotic lesions in the branches of the LMCA. Results and Conclusions: The mean length, diameter and angle of division of the LMCA were as follows: Total angiograms: 10.4 mm, 3.8 mm and 86.2°; normal group: 10.5 mm, 3.9 mm and 85.7°, CAD group: 10.2 mm, 3.7 mm and 86.3°; proximal sub-group: 10.9 mm, 3.7 mm and 91.6°, mixed sub-group — 9.8 mm, 3.7 mm and 85° and distal sub-group — 9.1 mm, 3.8 mm and 79.4°, respectively. The vessels with proximally located lesions were recorded to have longer lengths and wider angles of division than vessels with distal lesions. Coronary angiographic delineation of the LMCA anatomy may be predictive of a coronary arterial arrangement that may favour the progression of proximally located lesions. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 3: 197–201)

8

Enthesopathic patterns of two South African female cadavers

80%

Naidoo N. , Lazarus L. , Satyapal K. S.

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2017

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tom 76

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nr 2

EN

Enthesopathy is considered to be an osseous phenomenon, either disease-specific or bone-site specific, which occurs at the enthesis of bone. Upon routine cadaveric dissection of the glenohumeral region in two Caucasian females, enthesopathy of the right proximal humerus was observed unilaterally in both cases. Case 1 exhibited an inconsistent pattern of bony protuberances and crests dispersed across the lesser and greater tuberosities of the right humeral head. Varying degrees of ossification of the distal subscapularis muscle was also observed. Case 2 presented with a distinctively large enthesophyte that protruded supero-medially from the proximal right humerus. In addition, ossification of the distal-most aspect of the supraspinatus muscle was identified. Cases 1 and 2 were both reflective of osteophytic enthesopathy as proliferative change was clearly visible on the proximal aspect of each humerus. Whilst the presence of enthesopathies may be indicative of underlying pathology, it may prove beneficial to the field of bioarchaeology for the remodelling of lifestyles of ancient civilizations through the provision of current day variations as seen in these two case studies. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 2: 326–330)

9

Anatomic study of the morphology of the right and left coronary arteries

80%

Singh S. , Ajayi N. , Lazarus L. , Satyapal K. S.

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2017

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tom 76

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nr 4

EN

Arising from the aorta, the right (RCA) and left (LCA) coronary arteries provide the arterial supply to both the atria and the ventricles of the heart. An extensive literature review revealed that most studies have either evaluated the morphology of the RCA or the LCA independently. This study aimed to document the relationship between the morphology of the RCA and LCA using coronary angiograms. In addition, variations such as split or double RCA and an absent LCA were documented. A review of 500 coronary angiograms was conducted and the RCA and LCA were classified according to their branching patterns and arterial dominance. The most prevalent branching pattern of the LCA was bifurcation (in 65.8%; 329/500), while trifurcation and quadrifurcation occurred in 20.4% (102/500) and 1.6% (8/500), respectively. The LCA was absent in 11.8% (59/500) of cases with the bifurcation and trifurcation of its branches in 10.8% (54/500) and 1.4% (7/500), respectively. The splitting of the RCA occurred in 4.2% (21/500) of the angiograms. A split RCA with concomitant absent LCA was documented in 1.2% (6/500) of the angiograms. The RCA and LCA were dominant in 77.2% (386/500) and 9.8% (49/500) of cases, respectively, whereas co-dominance occurred in 13% (65/500) of the sample examined. In most cases where a split RCA was present, the RCA was found to be non-dominant. With the advent of coronary arteriography, a comprehensive understanding of coronary arterial anatomy and their anomalies has become essential. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 4: 668–674)

10

Long head of biceps brachii tendon and transverse humeral ligament morphometry and their associated pathology

80%

Khan R. , Satyapal K. S. , Naidoo N. , Lazarus L.

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tom 79

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nr 2

EN

Background: As a dynamic stabiliser and flexor of the glenohumeral joint, the long head of the biceps brachii tendon (LHBBT) is further stabilised by the retinacular activities of the transverse humeral ligament (THL). Materials and methods: The LHBBT and THL which were obtained from a total of 40 cadaveric upper limb specimens (n = 80; females: 36, males: 44; right: 40, left: 40), were bilaterally dissected and subjected to morphometric evaluation. Results: The results are in millimetres. LHBBT length: 81.99 ± 21.28 right, 79.73 ± ± 17.27 left; 79.82 ± 19.66 male, 82.14 ± 19.03 female; LHBBT width: 4.28 ± ± 1.31 right, 4.67 ± 1.43 left; 4.35 ± 1.17 male, 4.63 ± 1.60 female; THL length: 20.91 ± 5.24 right, 21.19 ± 6.63 left; 21.52 ± 5.71 male, 20.48 ± 5.92 female; THL width: 16.65 ± 6.92 right, 16.63 ± 7.49 left; 16.83 ± 6.65 male, 16.40 ± 7.84 female. With larger LHBBT length observed on the right side and larger LHBBT width observed on the left side; both parameters appeared to be distinctly longer in female individuals. On the contrary, the THL length and width were evidently greater in male individuals, with larger lengths and widths present on the left and right sides respectively. Conclusions: These findings may contribute to South African literature and to clinical knowledge as these parameters are important in the successful outcomes of tenotomy, tenodesis and shoulder-related procedures. (Folia Morphol 2020; 79, 2: 359–365)