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The farmers are allowed, under certain conditions, to use seeds from harvest for sowing. Only the breeder who holds an exclusive right to a plant variety can reproduce it and offer for sale. The breeder can make an agreement with a seed company and sign a license contract. Commercial preparation for sowing or planting a variety protected by an exclusive right also requires breeder’s consent.
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This paper looks at the prospects of the agricultural production of biomass to be used for energy purposes. The author presents the benefits of crop cultivation for energy purposes, and assesses the risks associated with environmental degradation as well as the risks of the energy crops competing with crops for food. Moreover, this paper discusses the necessity to respect the principles of sustainable development and includes information about the prospects for higher generation biofuels (which enable more efficient use of biomass).
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Content available Wybrane unijne systemy jakości produktów rolnych
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The article provides an overview of the EU quality schemes for agricultural products such as organic farming and regional and traditional production. The first section covers the role and benefits of organic farming in the EU. It also presents regulations on such production, its scope and volume, value of retail sales and consumption of organic food per capita. The second section focuses on the issue of regional and traditional products. The author discusses regulations, role and scope of EU certification schemes (Protected Designation of Origin, Protected Geographical Indication and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed) and sales value of such products. The final section examines prospects of organic agriculture and certification schemes of regional and traditional products.
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In connection with the establishment of a standing subcommittee on direct sales and retail trade of products produced in agricultural farms, experts presented extensive data on, inter alia, forms of production and sale of food products by individual farmers, including direct sales, direct deliveries and agricultural retail trade and the possibility of financial support from the state budget and EU funds, as well as domestic support in this area.
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The authors of the opinion point out that the proposed directive is aimed at the protection of consumer’s health and, as a consequence, the reduction of state budget spending on medical treatment. Nevertheless, the possible imposition of a ban on menthol and slim cigarettes may lead to the weakening of Polish tobacco sector, decrease in tax revenues for the State, withdrawal from farming by some tobacco growers and development of a grey market. In the authors’ view, the draft directive may infringe those provisions which determine the scope of competences transferred to the EU by its member states in the field of health protection. The coming into force of the proposed directive would require amendment of the Act of 9th November 1995 on the protection of health against the consequences of the use of tobacco and tobacco products.
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