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EN
The changes in meat and fish consumption of Polish households during 1988-1998 were analysed in the paper. One of the positive tendencies in food consumption in Poland (when taking into account some aspects of the human health) is increasing consumption of poultrymeat and decreasing consumption of beef. Unfortunately, the research results indicate that the consumption of dietetically harmful pork by Polish households has not changed in the analysed period. At the same time, both an increase in the consumption of fish processed products and a decrease in the consumption of fish were observed.
EN
The paper focuses on poverty in the German families. Although there is enormous wealth in Germany, a significant proportion of German citizens live in poverty. The research was carried out using the international standard definition of relative poverty - which is an income of less than 50% of national average earnings. The study results reveal a rising tendency in the phenomenon after 1990 as a result of German unification. Poverty in the Eastern Lands is more widespread, the number of unemployed people is here relatively larger, households have bigger debts and lack of suitable accommodation is more common. In the country as a whole, the structure of poverty has recently changed. At present, poverty is distributed between all types of households and figures show that it is growing amongst children and teenagers. Overall, the proportion of elder citizens living in poverty has been relatively lower since better welfare. In Germany, several programs have been implemented to reduce the social inequality and poverty. A broad range of policy fields are aimed at a fairer distribution of wealth and social benefits guaranteed by the Constitution.
EN
Ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity is part of the baseline diagnostics of urinary tract diseases. Dilatation of the pelvicalyceal system is one of the most frequent findings. In ultrasonography of the urinary tract there are, however, some images of anatomical anomalies of the pelvicalyceal system which should not be consider as abnormal. In the study we analysed 920 ultrasound examinations of the urinary tract. Of all the ultrasound images only those with isolated dilatation of the renal pelvises and calices were selected (130 cases). Ampulla-shaped and/or external pelvises, isolated calices or both abnormalities were disclosed in 104, 46 and 20 cases, respectively. In about one-third of patients additional examinations (voiding cystography, intravenous urography, renal scyntygraphy) were performed which revealed normal anatomy of the urinary tract and disorders of urine flow in 80% and 20% of patients, respectively. In conclusion, the study implies that not all dilatation of the pelvicalyceal system structures signifies urine retention, although in the event of further doubt, there is a need for additional diagnostics.
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