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Small island public transport service levels: operational model for Estonia

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Hunt T. , Tapaninen U. , Palu R. , Laasma A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2024

tom Vol. 18 No. 2

315--322

The maritime connections are vital to success of islands. Estonia has 19 permanently habited islands with at least five inhabitants. 16 of those are considered as small islands with an area below 100 km2. Their sea connections are secured (i.e. organized, financed) by the government or municipality. These small islands are very diverse - in terms of population, economic activity, infrastructure capacity and needs, etc. In this study, we have analyzed ten connections to seven Estonian small islands based on seven criteria. The criteria are as follows: passenger and vehicle volumes, frequency, reliability, speed and time, vessel suitability, harbours and transport access to the harbours from the landside. Thereafter, we have classified the connections to islands to four levels: (i) daily, (ii) scheduled, (iii) invitation-only and (iv) tourism. Finally, we raised several actions to improve the connections based on the defined service levels. This article addresses the problem of small island communities, the criteria that influence service, proposes service levels and scenarios and the tools for decision-makers to better organise the connections to island communities and to serve local residents and business as well as tourism. Keywords: small islands, connectivity, sustainability, connection service levels, adequate resources.

The effectiveness of maritime safety policy instruments from the Finnish maritime experts’ point of view – case Gulf of Finland and prevention of an oil accident

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Lappalainen J. , Storgård J. , Tapaninen U.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2013

tom Vol. 7, no. 3

353--362

Sea accidents are aimed to be prevented with an extensive amount of maritime safety regulation. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a questionnaire study that was targeted at Finnish maritime experts and addressed the question: how to prevent an oil accident in the Gulf of Finland. This study also includes a literature study about the problems of the current maritime safety regime. The findings of the questionnaire study are compared to the findings of the literature study. The questionnaire study showed that many kinds of policies have improved maritime safety, and they are needed to ensure maritime safety. For instance, ship construction, fairway maintenance, nautical charts and rules of the road at sea can be considered the cornerstones of maritime safety. However, the results ranked voluntary activities of companies as the most effective way to improve maritime safety in the future. Self-regulative approaches could solve some problems connected to more traditional policy-making.

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Tombak M. L. , Tapaninen U. , Palu R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

2023

tom Vol. 17 No. 4

973--980

Baltic Sea maritime transport makes up about 15% of all cargo globally transported via sea, which makes it one of the busiest maritime areas all over the world [1]. At the same time shipping operations create environmental pressures to the air, discharges of oil, sewage from passenger ships as well as invasion of alien organisms from ships’ ballast water or hulls [2]. In order to move from assessment of discharges from one ship to a certain area, it is necessary to combine the discharge factors to the activity patterns [3]. In this study the shipping activities that have environmental impact in the Estonian sea area will be analysed. In addition, the activities will be related with their source of pollution (e.g., manoeuvring, anchoring, loading/unloading cargo) and the impact or consequences are analysed (e.g., emission to air (CO2, SOx, NOx) discharge to water (antifouling paints, scrubber water, ballast water, bilge water, black water), physical discharge (underwater noise) etc). Finally, we assess the relative importance of the environmental effect of shipping in Estonian waters.