Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Národnostní statistika českých zemí 1880‒1921 – faktory, výsledky a problém jejich interpretace

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Kladiwa P.

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nr 2

61-82

EN

Comparing the results of the censuses of the language of daily use in the Bohemian lands before the First World War, and nationality censuses after the First World War, has been a subject of scientific and journalistic interest for almost a century. Until now, Czech historians have considered the results of Cisleithanian censuses to be imprecise and underestimated the Czech language use, while considering the results of nationality censuses in 1921 and 1930 to be exact. This study proves that such judgments are too simplistic, since even subsequent to 1918 state policy significantly affected census results, and furthermore there was a part of the population which could not clearly be fitted into one particular nationality or one language. The study analyses the factors which contributed to the increase in Czech nationality and decline in German and Polish nationality subsequent to 1918. It compares the weight of various factors on a countrywide scale, and also on the scale of different regions and locations.

2

Etnická klasifikace a institucionální zakotvení národnosti v českých zemích 1880–1914

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Kladiwa P.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2014

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tom 22

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nr 1

7-33

EN

The ethnic (nationalist) classification and institutional position of nationalities in Cisleithania strongly reflected also the state’s interest. The state authorities had to take into consideration, in particular, the trends of social and politicaldevelopment, such as the rising significance of national identity and theinterconnection of national and civil rights. It should be noted here that in Cisleithania most of the populations of different nationality enjoyed favorable conditions to develop their national life. The main motive of the Taaffe Government’s decision to include the questionable category of communication language instead of the mother tongue or family language in the 1880 census consisted in the legal possibility of assimilation, i.e., preventing a nationality closure and, last but not least, protecting the integrity of the state. The whole period of 1880-1914 demonstrated the significance of independent judicial power. The Administrative Court and the Imperial Court of Cisleithania played an important role in establishing the nationalist principle in public life where the nationalist and the civil principles intertwined.

3

The Issue of ´Robot´and of Hereditary Subjection at the Vienna Reichstag during the Revolution of 1848

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Kladiwa P.

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nr 1

3-29

EN

This study analyzes the abolition of hereditary subjection and compulsory labour duties (‘Robot’, or ‘Fronarbeit’, or ‘robota’) during and after the revolution of 1848/49. In the summer of 1848 the Vienna Reichstag was the scene of long and heated debates regarding the conditions and mechanisms for the abolition. The study describes these debates and the motivation behind the positions taken by the right-wing and left-wing factions in the parliament. The author then analyzes the law which eventually abolished hereditary subjection and Robot (31 August 1848), including the implementing regulations of 4 March 1849.

4

Etnická klasifikace a institucionální zakotvení národnosti v Československu 1918–1938

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Kladiwa P.

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nr 2

89-116

EN

The interests of the state were significantly reflected in the ethnic (national) classification and in the institutional affiliation of nationalities in Czechoslovakia. At the same time, the state power needed to take into account the series of commitments it had agreed on in Paris in 1919. The Czechoslovak state provided the majority of people from different nationalities with solid conditions for developing a national life. Because of the state power and in order to defend the interests of the nation, a rather problematic definition of nationality was created in the 1921 and 1930 population censuses. The main problems of the Czechoslovak Republic were twofold. On the one hand, the state power did not assume the role of referee standing above competing nationalities – unlike what happened in Cisleithania ‒ while on the other hand, it actually tended to identify with one nationality only. Therefore, the 1921 census included a hybrid category for nationality (the mother tongue) with the clear message that ‘mother tongue’ related to a person’s group of origin regardless of his or her actual language usage. The present analysis covering two decades from 1918 to 1938 revealed the significance of the independent judicial power. The Supreme Administrative Court in Czechoslovakia acquired the executive power to clarify the meaning of the term „nationality“, and more specifically to elucidate the connection between mother tongue and nationality. The Czechoslovak census formally defended the principle of the subjective concept of nationality. However, free choice of nationality was limited by the mother tongue, which became an objectively-defined criterion.