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1

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEADERSHIP OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF SLOVAKIA FROM AUGUST 1968 TO APRIL 1969

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Sikora S.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2013

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tom 61

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nr suppl. issue

129 – 152

EN

The study considers the development in the leadership of the Communist Party of Slovakia, a regional organization of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from the occupation of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic by the armies of the Warsaw pact and the extraordinary congress of the CPS at the end of August 1968 until the appointment of its leading representative G. Husák to the function of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPC in mid April 1969. In this period, the leadership of the CPS underwent a turbulent political development from an exemplary reformist communist body with the potential to continue the reforms at least to a limited degree, into a united bloc of Husák’s realists, who had the ambition to extend the Normalization process to the whole CPC. Apart from the objective international and internal political situation, this change was also strongly influenced by the high political ambitions of G. Husák, who showed his true face in this period, as a pragmatic political utilitarian, although, paradoxically, he had stood at the head of the reformist communists in the CPS from January to August 1968.

2

Alexander Dubček, najznámejší slovenský politik

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Sikora S. , Faltinová L.

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nr 3-4

377-390

EN

The author describes and analyzes the political career of Alexander Dubček (1921–1992) and presents views of today’s Slovak society on his personality and historical role in the end of the essay. In the author’s opinion, Dubček’s personal and mainly political evolution was greatly infl uenced by the fact that he had grown up in the family of the Slovak Communist visionary Štefan Dubček (1892–1969). Dubček spent fourteen long years (1925–1938) in the Soviet Union, where his father was helping build Communism with the international cooperative Interhelpo. Later, in the 1950s (1955–1958), he studied the Political University of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow. The author claims that both stints that Dubček spent in the Soviet Union convinced him that the Soviet-type socialism needed a fundamental reform, particularly toward humanization and democratization. He was trying to implement these principles even between 1963 and 1967, when he held the position of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovakia. The author focuses his attention to the Prague Spring of which Dubček became the leading symbol, having been fi rst elected to the position of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in January 1968, and the crushing of the reform process by Warsaw Pact armies. He muses on Dubček’s political character and some questionable political steps, and discusses some arguments of Dubček’s critics. Having been banished from public life and tailed by the State Security for two decades (1969–1989), Dubček returned to politics as the Speaker of the Federal Assembly, and thus participated in the democratic transformation of Czechoslovakia. According to public opinion polls in Slovakia, whose results are presented by the author, a positive view on Dubček prevails in the society, but the interest in him is dropping, although he still remains the best- -known Slovak politician abroad.

CS

Autor přibližuje a bilancuje politickou kariéru Alexandra Dubčeka (1921–1992) a v závěru představuje názory současné slovenské společnosti na jeho osobnost a historickou roli. Dubčekův osobnostní, a hlavně politický vývoj podle něj zásadně ovlivnil fakt, že vyrůstal v rodině slovenského komunistického vizionáře Štefana Dubčeka (1892–1969. Dlouhých čtrnáct let (1925–1938) prožil v Sovětském svazu, kam jeho otec odešel budovat komunismus s mezinárodním družstvem Interhelpo. Později v padesátých letech (1955–1958) pak v Moskvě studoval na Vysoké škole politické Ústředního výboru KSSS. Oba tyto pobyty ho podle autora zásadně ovlivnily v přesvědčení, že socialismus sovětského typu potřebuje zásadní reformu, zejména ve směru humanizace a demokratizace. V tomto duchu se snažil působit už v letech 1963 až 1967 ve funkci prvního tajemníka Ústředního výboru Komunistické strany Slovenska. Největší pozornost autor věnuje období pražského jara, jehož symbolem se Dubček stal, poté co byl v lednu 1968 zvolen prvním tajemníkem Ústředního výboru Komunistické strany Československa, a krachu reformního procesu po intervenci vojsk Varšavské smlouvy. Zamýšlí se nad Dubčekovým politickým charakterem a některými spornými politickými kroky, diskutuje některé argumenty jeho kritiků. Po dvacetiletí 1970 až 1989, v němž byl vyloučen z veřejného života a sledován Státní bezpečností, se Dubček dočkal návratu do politiky jako předseda Federálního shromáždění a podílel se tak na demokratické transformaci Československa. Podle průzkumů veřejného mínění na Slovensku, které autor přibližuje, vcelku převažuje ve slovenské společnosti pozitivní hodnocení Dubčeka, zájem o něj ale postupně klesá, zatímco v zahraničí zůstává nejznámějším slovenským politikem.

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„Zlaté šesťdesiate“ Politický vývoj na Slovensku v 60. rokoch 20. storočia

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Sikora S.

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tom 17

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nr 1-2

138-181

EN

The study discusses political developments in Slovakia in the so-called "golden sixties" – a period of certain cautious liberalization trends culminating in the 1968 attempt to reform the Soviet-style socialism in the former Czechoslovakia. To understand why there still remains such a lasting intensive remembrance of this time, one must realize it was then that the citizens of Czechoslovakia could briefly feel the whiff of freedom and democracy, after the tragic 50s characterized by brutal political oppression and social engineering, destroying all the previous material and spiritual infrastructure. This paper attempts to assess the causes of this social phenomenon – of the liberalization of Slovak social system in the years 1963 – 1967 (the so-called „Before spring“), the course of the attempt to reform socialism in Czechoslovakia in 1968 and its distinctive features in Slovakia, as well as the onset of "normalization" of social system in Czechoslovakia and Slovakia, first after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact troops in late August 1968, but especially after Mr. G. Husak became first Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in mid-April 1969. The above-mentioned Soviet-style normalization of socialism in Czechoslovakia then caused an incredible moral and political marasmus which resulted in a deadlock stagnation of political, economic, social and spiritual life of society. From this lethargy was then Czech and Slovak Society roused only by the time of "Velvet Revolution" in November 1989.

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VÝVOJ VO VEDENÍ KOMUNISTICKEJ STRANY SLOVENSKA OD AUGUSTA 1968 DO APRÍLA 1969

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Sikora S.

Historický časopis (Historical Journal)

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2012

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tom 60

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nr 2

235 – 256

EN

The study considers the development in the leadership of the Communist Party of Slovakia, a regional organization of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from the occupation of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic by the armies of the Warsaw pact and the extraordinary congress of the CPS at the end of August 1968 until the appointment of its leading representative G. Husák to the function of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPC in mid April 1969. In this period, the leadership of the CPS underwent a turbulent political development from an exemplary reformist communist body with the potential to continue the reforms at least to a limited degree, into a united bloc of Husák’s realists, who had the ambition to extend the Normalization process to the whole CPC. Apart from the objective international and internal political situation, this change was also strongly influenced by the high political ambitions of G. Husák, who showed his true face in this period, as a pragmatic political utilitarian, although, paradoxically, he had stood at the head of the reformist communists in the CPS from January to August 1968.