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Polityczne, historyczne i kulturowe aspekty unii polsko-litewskiej w twórczości Józefa Weyssenhoffa

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Demkowicz A.

Tematy i Konteksty

2019

tom 14

nr 9

327-347

Józef Weyssenhoff was a highly popular and widely read author at the end of the 19th and in the early 20th century. He was active as a writer, literary critic, and journalist during the time of the Young Poland movement and in the interwar period. He wrote his works at the turn of the two centuries and in the first decades of the new century. Throughout the later stage of his literary activity, i.e. from 1905 until his death, Weyssenhoff was greatly interested in politics. His contacts, reads, own observations and experiences in this matter gave rise to his tendentious political novels. The subjects he raised and reflected upon include the issue of the Polish-Lithuanian conflict, which caused a huge controversy in the first decades of the 20th century. Weyssenhoff demonstrated his own stance on the matter in his novel Union, published in 1910, which he wrote during the period of intensification of the national movement in Lithuania, particularly in Vilnius. The author regarded the movement to be politically dangerous, propagating hatred towards Poland, and able to cause the common cultural, historical, and political heritage of Poland and Lithuania to be destroyed. Young Lithuanian activists were acting to the detriment of the Polish language, depreciating the value of anything Polish. The conflict between Poland and Lithuania increased the risk of russification. The author suggested that what should be done in those circumstances was seek to restore the Polish-Lithuanian alliance. He showed the readers of his book how that process should be initiated. The marriage between the protagonists of Union: Kazimierz Rokszycki, a Pole, and Krystyna Sołomerecka, a Lithuanian, who loved their common motherland, serves as a symbol of a new, revived relationship between Poland and Lithuania.

Konflikt jezuitów i masonerii w Elegii żałośnej, scil[icet], Tryumf francmasonów z wygnania jezuitów z Petersburga Wincentego Wierzbiłowicza

100%

Demkowicz A.

Tematy i Konteksty

2017

tom 12

nr 7

120-141

Elegia żałośna, scil[icet], Tryumf francmasonów z wygnania jezuitów z Petersburga, signed by Wincenty Wierzbiłowicz, was composed in the circle of freemasons, soon after the expulsion of the members of the Society of Jesus from the then capital of the Russian Empire. The poem, which refers to the events that were painful to the Jesuits, is saturated with irony and derision. Even its title is ambiguous as in an ‘elegy’ the reader should be presented with poetry expressing grief and lamenting some loss. Yet the author of this composition proclaims his joy over the misfortune that befell the Jesuits. He discredits the value of their teaching and casts serious doubt upon the special bond with Christ that the Jesuits claimed to have. Also, he is sure that the removal of the followers of St Ignatius from Saint Petersburg will wipe out their sense of superiority over the “commoners” and put an end to their infamous equivocation. Wierzbiłowicz describes the Jesuits as “villains”, and the principles and ideas they expounded are associated by him with “filth”. At the end of the poem, its tone changes. The author applauds the designs of Alexander I. Initially, the tsar intended to unite all religions as one and to revive spiritual life beyond the confines of particular denominations. He planned to establish a universal Church. The idea of freedom of religion, propagated by freemasons, concurred with his venture. Freemasons supported Alexander’s initiative and voiced their conviction that, as the Jesuits had been expelled from the Russian capital city, no one could hinder the implementation of the project. It is not known if the Jesuits prepared any direct response to Elegia żałośna, but the reputation and respectability of the order were definitely defended by Józef Morelowski, a Jesuit poet from Połock (now Polatsk, Belarus). In his works, he attacked freemasonry, arguing that members of masonic lodges spread lies about the Society of Jesus.