Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Town of Zhovkva (Żółkiew) in western Ukraine – an example of urban complex built at the end of the 16th century on the concept of the renaissance “ideal town”

100%

Bevz M.

|

tom Vol. 14, nr 2

7--20

EN

The town of Zhovkva (Żółkiew) belongs to the late Renaissance foundations of private resident cities in Halychyna in the late 16th century. Urban-spatial structure of the town was designed according to the Renaissance ideal city. The city consisted of two conjugated parts: the owner’s castle and the fortified downtown. The combination of these two parts was of a specific nature – when the central square of the town is combined with the facade of the castle complex. On the base of the historical and urban studies presented the hypothesis that town of Zhovkva (Żółkiew) is an unique example of late Renaissance urbanism. The start of town build was in 1594 according to a project based on the concept of “ideal town”. We are thinking, that the author of the project and plan of town was Paolo Clamensi – Italian architect, worked in Lviv at the end of 16th century. The towns have a well-preserved original Renaissance planning structure and a number of architectural monuments that are connected with it. Reconstruction of the original historical town plan allows us to express the hypothesis of its similarity to the projects of cities published in the treatise of the Italian architect of the 16th century Pietro Cataneo.

2

On the preservation of the image of the architectural and urban planning complex of Adam Mickiewicz Square in Lviv

100%

Bevz M.

|

2023

|

tom T. 19, nr 2

7--25

EN

In 2022−2023, a new hotel building appeared at Mickiewicz Square 9 in Lviv. It was built on the site of an architectural monument dating back to 1839. – the Gudec House. The project of the Gudec House was designed by Viennese architect Wilhelm Schmidt. The monument was dismantled despite the protests of the Lviv community and despite the decision of the Scientific and Methodological Council of the Ministry of Construction of Ukraine on the need for its restoration. In connection with the construction of the hotel, the city authorities announced plans to build an underground parking lot for 40 cars. This initiative sparked a great deal of discussion among monument conservationists and construction professionals. The site for the construction of the parking lot has a very complex hydrogeological structure, which greatly complicates the construction and can also negatively affect the entire historical environment of the square and the surrounding buildings. Another feature of the square is the presence of a number of archaeological sites. These are, first of all, the remains of two lines of fortifications – relics of the High Defense Wall of the 13th – 16th centuries. (in the area of the square are the remains of the Butchers’ tower and the wall curtain from it to the Coopers’ tower) and the remains of the so-called “third” defensive belt of the city center (a defensive line built in 1522−1542 in the form of large artillery corner towers and bastions; the corner towers were connected to each other by a rampart and a wall). These two defense lines had their own moats filled with water. In the 17th-18th centuries, when the fortification function faded away, buildings for various purposes were added to the defensive walls. Their remains may also be present in the underground space of the square. In the center of the square there is a monument to Adam Mickiewicz from 1904 – an object of unique artistic and architectural work. The purpose of this publication is to show what archaeological heritage sites are under the square and to point out the value of these relics for the history of Lviv. The discovery and archaeological disclosure of these monuments will make it impossible to build an underground parking lot here.

PL

W 2023 r. przy placu Mickiewicza 9 we Lwowie pojawił się nowy budynek hotelowy. Powstał na miejscu zabytku architektury z 1839 r. – Domu Gudeca. Dom Gudeca był zaprojektowany przez wiedeńskiego architekta Wilhelma Schmidta. Zabytek rozebrano pomimo protestów społeczności lwowskiej i pomimo decyzji Rady Naukowo-Metodologicznej Ministerstwa Budownictwa Ukrainy o konieczności jego restauracji. W związku z budową hotelu władze miasta ogłosiły plany budowy podziemnego parkingu na 40 samochodów. Inicjatywa ta wywołała szeroką dyskusję wśród konserwatorów zabytków i specjalistów z branży budowlanej. Teren pod budowę parkingu ma bardzo złożoną strukturę hydrogeologiczną, co znacznie komplikuje budowę, a także może negatywnie wpłynąć na całe historyczne otoczenie placu i otaczającą zabudowę. Kolejną cechą placu jest obecność wielu stanowisk archeologicznych. Są to przede wszystkim pozostałości dwóch linii obwarowań – relikty Wysokiego Muru Obronnego z XIV-XV w. (w rejonie placu znajdują się pozostałości wieży Rzeźników i kurtyny muru prowadzącej z niej do baszty Bednarzy) oraz pozostałości tzw. „trzeciego” pasa obronnego centrum miasta (linia obronna zbudowana w latach 1522−1542 w postaci dużych narożnych baszt artyleryjskich i bastionów; baszty narożne zostały połączone ze sobą wałem i murem). Te dwie linie obronne miały własne fosy wypełnione wodą. W XVII-XVIII wieku, kiedy zanikła funkcja fortyfikacyjna, do murów obronnych dobudowano budynki o różnym przeznaczeniu. Ich szczątki mogą znajdować się także w podziemnej przestrzeni placu. W centrum placu znajduje się pomnik Adamowi Mickiewiczowi z 1904 r. – obiekt unikalnego wykonawstwa artystycznego I architektonicznego. Celem niniejszej publikacji jest pokazanie, jakie obiekty dziedzictwa archeologicznego znajdują się pod placem oraz wskazanie wartości tych zabytków dla historii Lwowa. Odkrycie i odsłonięcie archeologiczne tych zabytków sprawi, że wybudowanie w tym miejscu parkingu podziemnego będzie niemożliwe.

3

Hypothetic Reconstruction of The Development of The Defensive Structures of The Middle Town of Rohatyn in 15th−17th Centuries

100%

Bevz M.

|

tom Vol. 14, nr 1

71--88

EN

On the Rohatyn example we want to demonstrate: 1. how the battles, assault and destruction of the town influenced the character of its urban and architectural development (as shown by the example of the Battle of 1509 and the events of World War I); 2. how important the fortification element was in the past in towns of Halychyna region; 3. what methodology can be used to reconstruct the stages of development of urban fortifications, given that today they are almost completely lost; 4. the importance of a thorough analysis of the current state of the territory and the town’s relief, the study of historical documents, analysis of cartographic materials and iconographic sources for the theoretical reconstruction of stages of development of fortifications. The town of Rohatyn belongs to the oldest urban locations that existed according to the German (Magdeburg) law in the territory of Western Ukraine. The great chronological depth of the town’s urban structure has been often mentioned by researchers. However, academic literature does not yet fully cover the changes made to the planning of the town’s structure during the 15th−17th centuries. Similarly, the stages of development of the town’s defensive lines were not identified, although historical documents contain many references to the existence of fortifications around the middle town and the castle. Existing documentation only describes the urban changes in general terms, with researchers not yet having organized them into specific planning schemes. In our present work, we set our goal as the reconstruction of the different stages of development of fortifications of the original walled medieval town of Rohatyn. We use the following methodology: analysis of the town’s planning structure based on both historical and contemporary maps; studies of the remains of fortifications in the current landscape; comparison of field studies with data from cartographic analysis to references to the defensive objects found in historical documents; studies of analogical landmarks; and graphical reconstruction of stages of development of fortifications. According to our research, the fortification history of the town can be divided into four main stages. 1st stage – between 1415 AD (date of the town’s founding) and 1509 AD (complete demolition of the town as a result of the attack of the Wallachian-Turkish army). 2nd stage – from 1509 AD to approximately 1539 AD. The town within the walls of the surrounding fortification is restored on the basis of new royal privileges given in 1523, 1535 and 1539. The town is able to develop, with new fortifications being built around the residential and commercial districts of the town and the castle. 3rd stage – from 1539 AD to the end of the 16th century. A new district called the “New Town” was created to the west of the old walled town, with a new belt of earth bastion fortifications. At the end of this period, the bank form of the defenses was modernized into the bastion forms. 4th stage – the 17th century. The town’s fortifications continue to be maintained in good condition and upgraded. The territorial expansion of the town to the south led to the emergence of new residential neighborhoods and the creation of additional bastion fortifications to the east and south of the borders of the New Town. Our research has shown that Rohatyn is a unique town in aspects of the development of fortification systems in the 15th and 17th centuries in Ukraine.

PL

Na przykładzie Rohatyna, miasta w Ukrainie Zachodniej, prezentujemy etapy rozwoju architektury obronnej śródmiescia. Argumentacja bazuje siȩ na analizie struktury planistycznej miasta, na analizie materiału kartograficznego historycznego i wspolczesnego, badaniach terenowych szczatkỏw fortyfikacji, analizie dokumentów historycznych, analizie fortyfikacji budowanej w miastach-sąsiadach. Historia budowy linii obronnych dookola śródmiescia Rohatyna rekonstruje siȩ na cztery główne faze, przentujące ciekawe drogi modernizacji umocnieṅ od typu parkanu drewnianego do murowanych bastionów.

4

The wooden architectural complex of the city and royal residence of the John III Sobieski in Kukizów

100%

Bevz M.

|

tom Vol. 18, nr 4

59--82

EN

The palace in Kukizów of King of Poland John III Sobieski is known only to a narrow group of architecture and art historians. The palace and park complex ceased to exist in the 19th century. The architecture of the palace is known especially from the descriptions in the inventory documents from the early 18th century. Although the authorship of the palace design belongs to the well-known artists of the era – Augustyn Wincenty Locci and Piotr Beber, its architecture has not yet been reconstructed. A specific feature of the royal residence in Kukizów was the construction of royal buildings and town buildings in a wooden material. The intention to create a city complex and an entirely wooden residence was a unique experiment in the field of European architecture and urban planning of the 17th century. In the paper we present the results of our research on the architecture of the palace and town for the end of the 17th century.

5

Building Materials and Architectural Details of Natural Stone used in the 13th Century Castle Buildings of King Daniel in the City of Chełm

51%

Gazda L. , Bevz M. , Gołub S.

|

2022

|

tom T.18, nr 2

41--54

EN

The city of Chełm (Kholm in the past; today located on the territory of Poland) was founded by King of Rus` (Ruthenia) Danylo (Daniel) Romanovych in the middle of the 13th century. Initially, it was a small town with a small castle, but later Daniel rebuilt it and turned it into his capital. Unfortunately, buildings from the 13th century are preserved here only in the form of archaeological remains of the foundations and lower parts of the walls. The great historical significance of this city prompted us to study its building structure. It is important to know from which materials and in which technological solutions a large metropolitan city could have emerged in such a short time in the 13th century. The archaeological reports were the main source base for the study. Reports reflect all results of in-situ fixations of the walls and foundations remains of the castle. These fixations were carried out directly during archaeological research. The analysis shows that Chełm was built using materials from both local deposits and imported ones. Various stone raw materials and bricks were used for construction. It turned out that the main rock for the construction of walls and the manufacture of decorative architectural details was glauconite. The largest quantities of this raw material were used for the castle. Limestone, sandstone, opoka, and fossilized chalk were also used. The nature of the processing of stone materials shows that the builders of the castle had extensive technological knowledge and conducted numerous experiments with materials. The results of the study give an understanding of how castle buildings were erected in the 13th century both in technological and artistic aspects.

PL

Miasto Chełm (dawniej Kholm; dziś położone na terytorium Polski) zostało założone przez króla Rusi Danyło (Daniela) Romanowicza w połowie XIII wieku. Początkowo było to małe miasteczko z niewielkim zamkiem, później Daniel je przebudował i uczynił swoją stolicą. Niestety zabudowa z XIII wieku zachowała się tu jedynie w postaci archeologicznych pozostałości fundamentów i dolnych partii murów. Duże znaczenie historyczne tego miasta skłoniło nas do zbadania jego struktury budowlanej. Ważne jest, aby wiedzieć, z jakich materiałów i w jakich rozwiązaniach technologicznych mogło powstać w tak krótkim czasie w XIII wieku duże miasto metropolitalne. Podstawową bazą źródłową do badań były sprawozdania archeologiczne. Raporty odzwierciedlają wszystkie wyniki badań in situ pozostałości murów i fundamentów zamku. Umocnienia te były wykonywane bezpośrednio podczas badań archeologicznych. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że Chełm został zbudowany przy użyciu materiałów pochodzących zarówno z lokalnych złóż, jak i importowanych. Do budowy używano różnych surowców kamiennych i cegieł. Okazało się, że głównym kamieniem do budowy murów i wykonywania ozdobnych detali architektonicznych był glaukonit. Największe ilości tego surowca zużyto do budowy zamku. Wykorzystywano również wapień, piaskowiec, opokę i skamieniałą kredę. Charakter obróbki materiałów kamiennych wskazuje, że budowniczowie zamku posiadali rozległą wiedzę technologiczną i prowadzili liczne eksperymenty z materiałami. Wyniki badań pozwalają na zrozumienie sposobu wznoszenia budowli zamkowych w XIII wieku zarówno w aspekcie technologicznym, jak i artystycznym.