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Od determinacji do dystynkcji. Przemiany socjologii literatury

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Franczak J.

tom 1

nr 7-8

From determination to distinction. Changes in the sociology of literature The article presents some changes in the sociology of literature and particularly the inspirational role which was played in this respect by Pierre Bourdieu’s reflexive anthropology. The classical sociology of literature used to focus on the issue of many-sided determination of a literary text. A literary work was perceived as a function (image, equivalent) of social relations which contributed to its creation. The gradual abandonment of the positivist and Marxist reductionism had led to the shift of emphasis to empirical research and an analysis of reception, which in turn had led to the development of the sociology of reception and the sociology of literary communication. The central dilemma of these disciplines (how to reconcile the idea of social determination with evaluation) could be solved only on the basis of a non-classical sociology. Pierre Bourdieu described literature as a system of communication, dependent on the field of cultural production, supporting the mechanism of distinction and functioning as a determinant of an affiliation with a privileged groupand as a criterion of exclusion. At the same time, he pointed to this aspect of literature which allows one to stage a crisis of semantic structures and present platitudes as serious problems, and in this way – reveal the assumptions and presuppositions created and reconstructed by a social game.

Herbert George Wells. Socjalizm, utopia i melancholia

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Franczak J.

Przestrzenie Teorii

2023

nr 39

21-42

The article is a review of the most important works by Herbert George Wells in terms of the relationship between futurological vision, projected ideal and knowledge about the past. Wells is usually associated with a prospective attitude, with forecasting the future and modeling its desired image. Indeed, his science fiction novels, treatises and utopias try to answer the question of the paths of civilization’s development. But this work is accompanied by constant analysis of the past, correcting the scenarios of past events and shaping their new version. On the one hand, the retroactive formation of historical matter supports a utopia with a socialist profile, and on the other, it prevents its stabilization and closes it in the circle of left-wing melancholy, as described by Enzo Traverso. Some of the writer’s progressive ideas seem to be patient self-persuasion, others – such as fantasies about “fortunate disasters” – can be understood as attempts to escape from melancholy. Breaking free from its power, however, comes at a high price: it is the end of the socialist utopia, the abandonment of the idea of progress and the optimistic history of philosophy.

Dziki Zachód, dziki Wschód. Western a sprawa polska

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Franczak J.

Przestrzenie Teorii

2015

nr 24

73-96

The article reconstructs poetics and politics of Polish westerns, focussing on the two most re-nowned examples of the genre: The Law and the Fist (1964) or The Wolves' Echoes (1968). They are set in the western or eastern borderlands of post-war Poland (1945–1948) and depict the struggles of righteous militiamen against plunderers and looters. The analysis is based on classical theories formulated by A. Bazin, J. Kitses and W. Wright and aims to highlight hidden contradic-tions between the rules of film genre, the requirements of veracity, and propagandist manipula-tion. These movies reinforce the official politics of memory of the Polish People’s Republic. The Law and the Fist contribute to the discourse on the ‘Recovered Territories’ and renew the Piast concept of returning these territories to the traditional Polish homeland. In turn, The Wolves' Echoes shapes the collective memory of the Bieszczady Mountains and justifies ethnic homogene-ity of this borderland.

W poszukiwaniu utraconej bezczelności. „Ferdydurke” i cynizm

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Franczak J.

Przestrzenie Teorii

2013

nr 20

91-108

This article is an attempt to interpret Witold Gombrowicz’s first novel in the context of cynicism, which is first conceptualized within the Foucauldian tradition as a practice of “frank speech” (parrhesia), and then, according to Peter Sloterdijk’s critical philosophy, as a form of modern consciousness based on inverted idealism. The opposition between an ancient subversive cynicism and its modern schizoid form allows one to analyze the complexity of Ferdydurke. In the course of interpretation it turns out that there are some intersecting planes: the protagonist searches in vain for lost insolence, but it is the author who manages to find it at the end of the novel.