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3 Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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Francisco de Vitoria a španielska conquista Nového sveta

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Vyšný P.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

2016

tom 155

nr 4

310-330

The Spanish conquest of the New World (the Americas) became the subject of serious academic study, analysis, debates and polemics in the 16th to 17th century, their protagonists are generally referred to as theologians – jurists. The paper focuses on the analysis of conquest, conducted by one of the foremost theologians – jurists, Francisco de Vitoria. The text systematically presents, explains and discusses Vitoria’s complex thinking related to the conquest, which rests on the distinction between seven illegitimate and eight legitimate titles of the conquest (justos títulos). The paper also points to Vitoria’s more or less innovative concepts of popular sovereignty, the right of each member of the international community to interact with its other members or ius communicationis, the international law or ius inter gentes and the international community or totus orbis.

Španielska conquista (dobytie) Nového sveta (amerického kontinentu) sa v Španielsku v 16. Až 17. storočí stala predmetom serióznych akademických skúmaní, analýz, diskusií a polemík, ktorých protagonisti sa všeobecne označujú ako teológovia – juristi. Štúdia sa zameriava na analýzu conquisty, ktorú uskutočnil jeden z najpoprednejších teológov – juristov, Francisco de Vitoria.V texte sa systematicky približuje, vysvetľuje a rozoberá Vitoriovo komplexné myslenie spojené s conquistou, spočívajúce na rozlíšení a rozbore siedmich nelegitímnych a ôsmich legitímnych titulov (dôvodov) conquisty (justos títulos).V texte sa tiež poukazuje na určité, vo väčšej alebo menšej miere inovatívne prvky Vitoriovho myslenia spojeného s conquistou, ktorými boli koncept suverenity ľudu, právo každého člena medzinárodného společenstva komunikovať s ostatnými členmi (ius communicationis), koncept medzinárodného práva (ius inter gentes) a koncept medzinárodného spoločenstva (totus orbis).

Teória spravodlivej vojny Francisca de Vitoriu

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Vyšný P.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

2021

tom 160

nr 9

759-778

The paper deals with the theory of just war by Francisco de Vitoria. The theory under examination is complex, dealing ius ad bellum, ius in bello and (to a lesser extent) ius post bellum. The theory is characterized by efforts of its authors to promote the understanding of war as ultima ratio of the resolution of interstate conflicts, as well as to ensure that war is conducted effectively, with discipline, only to the extent necessary and only for as long as is really necessary, as well as humanely. According to Vitoria, war was just if it was waged by a legitimate authority (the ruler of the state that suffered harm), if there was demonstrably a just cause for it (iusta causa; harm caused by one state to another state) and if it was waged with the right intent (appropriate punishment of the enemy for causing harm) as well as in the correct way, i. e. in accordance with certain rules or restrictions.

Fenomén latinskoamerického sociálneho konštitucionalizmu na príklade Mexika a Peru

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Vyšný P. , Puchovský J.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

2023

tom 162

nr 8

743-763

Social constitutionalism consists in enshrining second-generation human rights in the Constitution and implementing them with systematic support from the state. This complex phenomenon is a kind of middle ground between liberalism and socialism, which is usually referred to as “social liberalism” or “social democracy”. The paper is a case study focused on the social constitutionalism of Mexico and Peru in the first half of the 20th century, which was the period when the solid foundations of this type of constitutionalism were formed in both states. At the same time, Mexico is the world leader in the introduction of social constitutionalism (1917). Peru was the second Latin American country in which this phenomenon appeared (1920). Mexican and Peruvian social constitutionalism are thus the two oldest and also to a large extent, but not completely, similar constitutional arrangements of second-generation human rights in the Latin American area (right to education, right to private property limited by its social function, workers’ rights, social security and others). At the same time, these are relatively complex legal arrangements that have stimulated fundamental social, economic and political transformations in both Mexico and Peru.