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Somatic and zygotic embryos share common developmental features at the onset of plant embryogenesis

100%

Leljak-Levanic D. , Mihaljevic S. , Bauer N.

Acta Physiologiae Plantarum

2015

tom 37

nr 07

In many vascular plants, zygotic reproduction regularly alternates with different types of asexual reproduction, so embryos can develop not only from fertilized egg cells, but also from induced somatic cells through the process of somatic embryogenesis. Although somatic and zygotic embryogenesis are not directly correlated, their common features are presented, demonstrating that the origin and development of the somatic embryo morphologically and physiologically resemble zygotic embryogenesis at certain points. To initiate embryogenesis, both competent egg and somatic cells require activation either by fertilization or specific environmental signals, respectively. During induction of somatic and zygotic embryogenesis, modulation of DNA methylation, activation of particular hormonal and stress-related mechanisms and changes in cell wall properties are triggered. Here, we give an overview and discuss the most recent research in the field of plant somatic and zygotic embryogenesis, with special attention given to the onset of embryogenesis and early embryo development as well as to embryogenesisrelated interconnections between plant hormones, stress responses, DNA methylation and regulatory gene expression.

Effect of BAP, TDZ and CPPU on multiple shoot formation in pea [Pisum sativum L.] in culture in vitro

100%

Tulac S. , Leljak-Levanic D. , Krsnik-Rasol M. , Jelaska S.

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica

2002

tom 44

Shoot regeneration in five pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars (Atlas, Avola, Karina, Mali provansalac and Tristar) was achieved by direct culture of mature seeds on MSB5 medium supplemented with either N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), N-phenyl-N’(-l,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)urea (thidiazuron, TDZ) or N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N’-phenylurea (forchlorfenuron, CPPU). Multiple shoots formed de novo without an intermediary callus phase at the cotyledonary notch, in the axillary meristem regions of the seedlings, and in the hypocotyl subepidermal tissues within two to three weeks of culture initiation. Bud formation began after 5 to 7 days of treatment and the number of buds increased with the duration of culture and increasing concentration of growth regulators. Transient exposure to plant growth regulators (24-28 h) was sufficient to induce bud formation. CPPU was the most effective and BAP the least effective for the induction of regeneration. Separated shoots (1-2 cm) were rooted (60%) on MSB5 medium supplemented with 1.1 µM indole-3- acetic acid (IAA) and 2.0 µM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and developed into flowering plants.

The pattern of lignin deposition in the cell walls of internodes during barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) development

88%

Begovic L. , Ravlic J. , Lepedus H. , Leljak-Levanic D. , Cesar V.

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica

2015

tom 57

nr 2