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Substancje toksyczne i kancerogenne w wybranych markach papierosow sprzedawanych w Polsce w latach 1983-1995

100%

Florek E. , Przewozniak K. , Kowalski M. , Zatonski W.

nr 4

303-316

Gwałtowny wzrost spożycia wyrobów tytoniowych, a także niekorzystna struktura palenia tytoniu w naszym kraju sprawia, że Polska należy do państw o najwyższej dynamice umieralności na choroby wywołane paleniem tytoniu, w tym nowotwory złośliwe. Wiąże się to także z wysoką zawartością substancji szkodliwych, również rakotwórczych, w polskich papierosach. Wyniki badań chemicznych wskazują, że poziom substancji smolistych, nikotyny, niektórych wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych, N-nitrozoamin, tlenku węgla, cyjanowodoru, formaldehydu oraz kadmu i ołowiu w polskich papierosach jest wyższy od odpowiednich poziomów w papierosach produkowanych w wielu krajach europejskich i USA oraz znacznie przekracza dopuszczalne tam normy.

Polish cigarettes marketed in 1983 -1995 were analyzed for their content of harmful substances by the Department for Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Oncology Center in collaboration with other national and foreign centres. Cigarette smoke was tested for the content of the following toxic substances: tar, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific N-nitros- amines, nitrates, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, cadmium and lead. The present work analyzes in particular the changes of these concentrations vs. time. The values recorded before 1988 were extremely high. During a subsequent four-vear period (1991 -1995) of mandatory limits on allowable concentrations of toxic substances in tobacco smoke, Polish cigarettes were made to comply to the requirements of the current standard. However, admissible concentrations of the toxic substances are two times higher in Poland than in countries where reduction of cigarette smoke toxicity is considered an essential element of effective health policy.

Tobacco smoking in countries of the European Union

88%

Zatonski W. , Przewozniak K. , Sulkowska U. , West R. , Wojtyla A.

nr 2

Background: Existing smoking prevalence comparisons between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ members of the European Union (EU) give a misleading picture because of differences in methodology. A major EU project designed to find ways of closing the health gap between the member states, included the first ever comparison of smoking prevalence between these countries using a methodology that minimises potential biases. Methods: A detailed analysis of methods and data from the most recent nationwide studies was conducted in the adult population of 27 countries of the European Union and Russia as an external comparator. To maximise comparability, daily smoking in the age range 20-64 was used. Prevalence of current daily smoking, former smoking and never smoking were age-standardised and calculated separately for males and females. Findings: The European map of smoking prevalence shows that male smoking prevalence is much higher in the new than the old members of the EU, whereas in females the reverse is true, but there are also very large differences in smoking rates between particular countries within the same region. Sweden clearly has the lowest prevalence, and the prevalence in the United Kingdom (UK) at the time of the surveys emerges as near the average for old-Europe but higher than, for example, Ireland. Interpretation: Restricting the analysis to daily smokers aged 20-64 produces a map of Europe in which variation in prevalence between individual countries within regions is as important as variation across regions. Survey methods need to be harmonised across countries to enable comparisons involving all ages and non-daily as well as daily smokers.