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PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki komputerowej symulacji MAGMASoft i MAGMAIron zalewania i krzepnięcia w technologii wytwarzania odlewu ze staliwa 35GSM oraz odlewów z żeliwa sferoidalnego GJS400-15 i GJS600-3. Na podstawie założonej technologii wyjściowej przedstawiono wyniki tej symulacji w postaci rysunków 3D technologii odlewania, wybranych kolejnych faz krzepnięcia oraz porowatości końcowej w analizowanej technologii. Na podstawie tej symulacji wprowadzono zmiany w technologii odlewania, wykonano ponownie symulację komputerową nowej technologii, porównując rezultaty z technologią wyjściową.
EN
The results of computer simulation carried out on MAGMAsoft and MAGMAiron programmes were presented for the technology of pouring and solidification of 35GSM steel castings and GJS400-15 and GJS600-3 ductile iron castings. Based on the assumed starting technology guidelines, the results of this simulation were presented in the form of 3D drawings of the casting technology, including also the selected successive stages of solidification and final porosity in the examined castings. Based on the results of the simulation, changes were introduced to the casting technology, computer simulation was performed once again for the revised technology, and new results were compared with the starting ones.
9
Content available Wykorzystanie metody przyrostowej w prototypowaniu
45%
PL
W artykule przedstawiono chronologię wykonania fizycznego prototypu przez studentów Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Przedstawiono zaprojektowane modele przestrzenne w myśl zasady od pomysłu do produktu. Opisano metodę szybkiego prototypowania z wykorzystanie techniki druku 3D, dobór filamentów oraz parametrów druku.
EN
The article presents a chronology of the physical prototype implementation by students of the Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa. Designed spatial models were presented in accordance with the principle from idea to product. The method of rapid prototyping with the use of 3D printing technology, selection of filaments and printing parameters has been described.
EN
Nine species of the genus Calypogeia Raddi are currently known from Europe: C. azurea, C. integristipula, C. neesiana,C. suecica, C. muelleriana, C. sphagnicola, C. fissa, C. arguta, and C. azorica. Recently, another species, morphologically resembling C. muelleriana but genetically distinct from it, was detected using isozyme markers. In the present study, relationships between the newly detected species (C. sp. nov.) and typical C. muelleriana were analyzed using the DNA sequencesdata of three regions from the chloroplast genome: introns of trnG and trnL genes and intergenic spacer trnH-psbA. Calypogeia sp. nov. differs from C. muelleriana s. str. (typical form) in all examined chloroplast regions. It differs as well from C. azurea, which was used as a reference species. The number of fixed nucleotide differences between C. muelleriana s. str. and C. sp. nov. is almost the same as between C. muelleriana s. str. and C. azurea. The results of the present study suggest a closer affinity of C. sp. nov. to C. azurea than to C. muelleriana s. str. in Europe, C. muelleriana s. str. was noted in Poland, Germany, Holland, United Kingdom and Azores. Samples determined as C. sp. nov., besides Poland, were so far detected also in North America.
EN
The main aim of this study was to describe the variation between the populations of the dwarf mountain pine Pinus mugo Turra based on the morphological and anatomical traits of their needles, and to investigate the relationship between the observed variation and environmental conditions (altitude and substrate).Two-year-old needles were collected from 180 individuals of six populations of P. mugo growing in the Tatra Mts. Two populations were classified as dense, located at 1360–1450 m altitude, and the remaining four formed loose clusters and were situated at 1500–1650 m altitude. Four of the populations are growing on granite and two on a limestone substrate. The natural variation of 10 morpho-anatomical and 3 synthetic needle traits was measured. In addition to descriptive statistics, the analyses of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey test and principal component analysis were computed. We also estimated Pearson correlation coefficients for the examined needle traits and altitude as well as substrate. Our results indicate that the P. mugo populations differ significantly with regard to the investigated traits for which the Trzydniowiański Wierch population was the most distinct. The observed pattern of variability is largely caused by differences in stomatal traits and these features are positive correlated with altitude. Additionally, populations growing on granite have larger values for most of the examined traits compared to populations growing on limestone.
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