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The Construction of Social Structure: Bell Beakers and Trzciniec Complex in North-Eastern Part of Central Europe

100%

Makarowicz P.

2003

tom 51

123-158

The characteristics of social structures of Bell Beakers and Trzciniec Complex in north-eastern part of Central Europe is presented in the paper. The social life of these groupings was shaped by competition between particular descent-based groups as well as individuals and their families for prestige, status, power and wealth. The key factor setting social behaviour in order and integrating the group was kinship, which was related to the cultural system of spouse selection. The ranking of these communities can be described as moderate (Bell Beakers) and minimal (Trzciniec Complex). Although in the case of northern Beakers (Iwno Culture) it exhibited a tendency to growth, it never reached the level of stratification. The process of emancipation of the individual, which was very advanced in the case of Bell Beakers came to a halt among the communities of Trzciniec Complex. In the later 'Trzciniec' structures the processes of depersonalisation of the grave furnishing, deindividualisation and increasing collectivism can be observed.

The Analysis of Foundry Engineering of Copper Alloys Based on the Research of a Metallurgist Settlement in Szczepidło

51%

Tokarski T. , Garbacz-Klempka A. , Makarowicz P.

nr 1

The Analysis of Foundry Engineering of Copper Alloys Based on the Research of a Metallurgist Settlement in Szczepidło

51%

Garbacz-Klempka A. , Makarowicz P. , Tokarski T.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

2017

tom Vol. 17, iss. 1

45--50

The article presents chosen aspects of foundry engineering of the settlement dwellers, including the archaeometric characteristics and metal science analysis of the artefacts, as well as an attempted reconstruction of the production organization. Discovered in Szczepidło (Greater Poland), the foundry workshop is unique in Central European Bronze Age. This workshop foundry operated roughly XIV-XII Century BC. Its production is evidenced by the presence of markers of the whole production cycle: semi-finished and finished products, production waste, fragments of crucibles and casting ladles with traces of usage, and tools. On this basis the alloys and foundry technologies used have been described. The analysis of foundry technology of copper alloys in the settlement area was carried out by observing the surface and structure of the products, semi-finished artefacts and fragments of crucibles by applying optical microscopy (OM), confocal microscopy (CLSM) and X-ray radiography (RT). The investigations of compositions were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDS).