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Content available remote Scrap tyres pyrolysis: technology and equipment update, by-products valorisation
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EN
Scrap tyres, classified as priority waste stream by EU Commission, present disposal problems. According to recently prepared the EU Landfill Directive dumping will not more be allowed. There is a need for optimisation of the choice between material and energy valorisation in relation to the existing secondary raw material market. The quantity and quality of the end-products depends mainly on the process parameters. Qualifying the end products (char and oils) is necessary in order to fit with the market and to reach the best adequation with the demand. The study shows the evaluation of different combinations of unit processes to achieve marketable secondary raw material.
PL
Opony zużyte, sklasyfikowane przez Komisję Europejską jako priorytetowy strumień odpadów, stwarzają problemy ze składowaniem. Zgodnie z ostatnio przygotowaną dyrektywą (EU Landfill Directive) zabronione zostanie tworzenie zwałowisk opon. W związku z tym istnieje konieczność dokonywania wyboru między przetwarzaniem materiału a wykorzystaniem go jako energii, zależnie od potrzeb rynku. Na podstawie badań oceniono różne układy procesów jednostkowych służących do otrzymywania produktów o wartości handlowej.
EN
Limited proteolysis experiments can be successfully used to probe conformational features of proteins. In a number of studies it has been demonstrated that the sites of limited proteolysis along the polypeptide chain of a protein are characterized by enhanced backbone flexibility, implying that proteolytic probes can pinpoint the sites of local unfolding in a protein chain. Limited proteolysis was used to analyze the partly folded (molten globule) states of several proteins, such as apomyoglobin, a-lactalbumin, calcium-binding lysozymes, cytochrome c and human growth hor­mone. These proteins were induced to acquire the molten globule state under spe­cific solvent conditions, such as low pH. In general, the protein conformational fea­tures deduced from limited proteolysis experiments nicely correlate with those deriv­ing from other biophysical and spectroscopic techniques. Limited proteolysis is also most useful for isolating protein fragments that can fold autonomously and thus be­have as protein domains. Moreover, the technique can be used to identify and pre­pare protein fragments that are able to associate into a native-like and often func­tional protein complex. Overall, our results underscore the utility of the limited pro- teolysis approach for unravelling molecular features of proteins and appear to prompt its systematic use as a simple first step in the elucidation of structure-dynamics- function relationships of a novel and rare protein, especially if available in minute amounts.
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