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Przemoc doświadczana w dzieciństwie a poczucie kontroli w dorosłości

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Matras A. , Kozela M. , Pająk A.

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nr 63(21)

5-19

EN

Introduction: Prejudices might negatively influence the well-being of people they concern and often lead to discrimination. Hence, it’s important to search for effective ways to improve intergroup attitudes and implement them during education. One of the most effective known methods is intergroup contact. However, as it’s not always possible to implement, it’s important to search for more accessible methods. The article proposes a new form of reducing prejudices, i.e. a letter of contact with fictitious outgroup members. In such interaction, people receive a letter and are asked for a reply. The method is based on two concepts of improving attitudes: imaginary contact and narrative about positive intergroup interaction. Its effectiveness in improving attitudes was experimentally tested and compared to a typical imaginary contact task. Method: Participants were 179 high school students. They were divided into three experimental conditions: replying to a letter from an outgroup member; replying to a similar letter from an ingroup member; imagining interaction with an ingroup member. After the manipulation, participants completed an intergroup attitudes questionnaire. Results: What had an impact on intergroup attitudes was the perceived pleasure of the task, while the type of manipulation had no effects. Conclusions: Results suggest that in manipulations based on imaginary contact or narration, responses are probably influenced not by imaging interaction with an outgroup member, but by the positive character of the task, which probably has an impact on attitudes by priming a good mood. This calls into question the effectiveness of methods of imaginary contact and narrative about the contact. They probably temporarily affect mood but have no influence on prejudice.

PL

Wprowadzenie: Duże poczucie kontroli jest związane z lepszym stanem zdrowia i niższą umieralnością. Negatywne doświadczenia z okresu dzieciństwa mogą wywierać istotny wpływ na kształtowanie małego poczucia kontroli. Metoda: Celem pracy było określenie związku pomiędzy doświadczaniem przemocy w dzieciństwie z poczuciem kontroli w wieku dorosłym. Przebadano 102 osoby powyżej 18. roku życia. Poczucie kontroli oceniono metodą kwestionariuszową za pomocą wystandaryzowanej skali poczucia kontroli, a doświadczanie przemocy za pomocą Kwestionariusza Traumy Wczesnodziecięcej (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ). W analizie statystycznej zastosowano wieloczynnikową regresję liniową. Wyniki: W badanej próbie najczęściej występującym rodzajem przemocy w okresie dzieciństwa były zaniedbanie fizyczne oraz przemoc emocjonalna. Po uwzględnieniu wieku, płci, niezgodności odpowiedzi w CTQ, ostatnich negatywnych doświadczeń oraz wykształcenia zaobserwowano odwrotny związek pomiędzy doświadczaniem przemocy emocjonalnej a poczuciem kontroli (p < 0,05). Wnioski: Doświadczanie przemocy emocjonalnej w dzieciństwie jest odwrotnie związane z poczuciem kontroli w wieku dorosłym.

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Epidemia palenia w Krakowie

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Pająk A. , Szafraniec K. , Frejek M.

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nr 2

PL

Smoking Epidemic in KrakowElimination of tobacco smoking is an important measure to support health and increase life expectancy. Availability of local data on smoking prevalence and health consequences of smoking is of crucial importance for any anti-smoking campaign.The aim of the present paper is to: 1) describe prevalence of smoking in population of middle-aged residents of Krakow, 2) assess a smokingrelated total mortality risk, and 3) evaluate an excess total mortality attributed to smoking.The study was based on data from Polish part of the HAPIEE Project (Health, Alcohol, Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe), a prospective study initiated in 2002. Krakow residents at age 45–69 years were randomly selected within age and gender strata from population registers. Out of initial 10,728 participants, 4857 men and 5127 women were included to the present analysis. Out of them 1630 (34%) men and 1330 (26%) women were current smokers, and 1763 (36%) men and 1077 (22%) women were former smokers. Altogether 71% men and 48% women were ever-smokers. Mean follow-up time was 61 (SD = 10.6) and 62 (SD = 8.0) months for men and women respectively. During the follow-up period there were 294 (6.1%) deaths in men and 135 (2.7%) deaths in women. In total 51,345 person-years were observed. After adjustment to the main cardiovascular risk factors (age, education, BMI, systolic blood pressure , total cholesterol, physical activity and alcohol consumption) more then 3 times higher hazard ratio (HR = 3.3, 95% CI: 2.25–4.99) for currently smoking men and 2 times higher hazard ratio (HR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.29–3.39) for women compared to non-smokers were observed. In ever-smokers the hazard ratios were as follows: HR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.78–3.71 for men and HR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.17–2.69 for women. Among former smokers, the lowest hazard ratio was observed in those who quit smoking more than 15 years ago. In total, 53% of all deaths in men and 18% of all deaths in women were attributed to smoking.In conclusion, implementation of an effective intervention program on smoking cessation should be one of the main targets of public health and preventive medicine in Krakow.

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Częstość palenia tytoniu wśród osób z chorobą niedokrwienną serca w latach 1997–2007. Wyniki Krakowskiego Programu Wtórnej Prewencji Choroby Niedokrwiennej Serca oraz polskich części badań EUROASPIRE II i EUROASPIRE III

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Jankowski P. , Kawecka-Jaszcz K. , Surowiec S. , Loster M. , Wolfshaut R. , Pająk A.

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nr 2

PL

Smoking rates in coronary patients over the decade 1997–2007. Results of Cracovian Program for Secondary Prevention of Ischaemic Heart Disease and Polish parts of EUROASPIRE II and EUROASPIRE III surveysBackground: Smoking is one of the most important risk factors. Persisting smoking after an coronary event is related to significantly higher risk of the future cardiovascular complications. Studies performed in late nineties showed that a considerable percentage of patients continue with smoking after an coronary event. The aim of the present paper was to compare smoking rates in coronary patients in the post-discharge period in Krakow in 1997/1998, 1999/2000 and 2006/2007.Methods: Consecutive patients hospitalized from July 1, 1996 to September 31, 1997 (first survey), from March 1, 1998 to March 30, 1999 (second survey), and from April 1, 2005 to July 31, 2006 (third survey) due to acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina or for myocardial revascularization procedures, below the age of < 71 years were identified and then followed up, interviewed and examined 6–18 months after discharge. Self-reported smoking and breath carbon monoxide was analysed.Results: The number of patients who participated in the follow-up examinations were: 418 (78.0%) in the first survey, 427 (82.9%) in the second and 427 (79.1%) in the third survey. There was no significant change in smoking (self-reported) rates (16% vs 16% vs 19%; p = NS). When breath carbon monoxide was also analysed once again the difference did not reach significance (18% in 1999–2000 and 23% in 2006–2007; p = NS). Nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion or varenicline were also not used (0% vs 0.2% vs 0.5%; p = NS).Conclusion: The smoking rate in coronary patients over the decade from 1997/1998 to 2006/2007 did not changed significantly. The pharmacotherapy for smoking is almost not used in coronary patients.

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Ocena postępowania w zespole uzależnienia od tytoniu (ZUT) w podstawowej opiece zdrowotnej (POZ). Wyniki ogólnopolskiego badania zrealizowanego w ramach Programu Ministerstwa Zdrowia POLKARD

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Szafraniec K. , Pająk A. , Cichocka I. , Frejek M. , Broda G. , Drygas W. , Gąsior Z. , Grodzicki T. , Zdrojewski T.

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nr 2

PL

Evaluation the effectiveness of primary care in professional assistance for smoking patientsAbout 40% of men and 25% of women in Poland are smokers and smoking causes approximately 50 000 premature deaths annually. According to the WHO experts, a tobacco cessation short intervention program provided by primary care physicians is one of the most important prevention measures. In 2004 National Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program was launched as a procedure funded by National Health Funds (NFZ), which included the identification of smokers, assessment and treatment of smoking habit. In 2007, the Polish Forum of Prevention issued guidelines that can serve as an effective framework for tobacco cessation intervention in primary care clinics. The aim of this paper is: 1) evaluation the effectiveness of primary care in professional assistance for smoking patients, 2) evaluation of the impact of the NFZ program on frequency of professional consultations on smoking cessation and evaluation of the impact of the NFZ program on smoking prevalence. There were 66 primary care clinics which were recruited to participate the project; 33 clinics participated in NFZ program, the remaining 33 constituted a control group.Random sample of persons at age 35–55 years was selected from all persons registered in each clinic. Eligible for the study were patients free of cvd for whom medical records were available from January 1st 2005 at least. Finally 3940 patients in NFZ clinics, 3162 patients in control clinics were included. For each eligible patient medical records were reviewed and information was collected using a standard questionnaire.All patients were invited for a visit in the clinic. Finally, 2314 persons from the NFZ clinics and 2107 persons from the control clinics participated were examined.That effectiveness of the routine management of smoking cessation in primary care practices was very low. Equally in the NFZ clinics and the control group about 45% of participants were current smokers. Only 15% of patients had recorded information on smoking status in medical documentation and no significant difference between the NFZ clinics and the control group was observed. The NFZ program increased identification of smoking patients (up to about 80%). Physicians and nurses provided advising to 80% and 30% patients, respectively and the other measures to facilitate smoking cessation were used in small proportion of patients. For instance nicotine replacement therapy, including bupropion, was advised to less than 10% of smokers.With the exception to distribution of leaflets which were distributed more frequently in patients of clinics which participated in the NFZ program (22.5%) as compared to control clinics (12.8%), there were no statistical differences in proportion of patients getting professional assistance or other intervention measures between the studied groups. The NFZ program appeared to play important role in identification of smokers. However, the program was not effective enough in treatment of patients addicted to smoking. There is a need to supply the NFZ program by more effective procedure, a kind of structured intervention, which would allow to lower smoking prevalence in primary care patients.