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PL
Nowym podejściem do produkcji biomasy drzewnej jest uprawa wierzby w systemie Eko-Salix przy zastosowaniu żywokołów i ekstensywnych rozwiązań agrotechnicznych. Podstawą prowadzonych badań było doświadczenie polowe, prowadzone w czterech powtórzeniach na glebie torfowo-murszowej w latach 2009-2014. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie cech termofizycznych oraz składu elementarnego biomasy wierzby pozyskanej w 5-letniej rotacji z uprawy jednorodnej i mieszanej. Ciepło spalania oznaczone w suchej biomasie wierzby w doświadczeniu wyniosło średnio 19,54 MJ∙kg-1 s.m., a wartość opałowa 8,9 MJ∙kg-1. Zawartość węgla i wodoru była wysoka, a zawartość popiołu, siarki, azotu i chloru niska, co czyni ten surowiec atrakcyjnym do dalszej termochemicznej konwersji na potrzeby energetyki i przemysłu biorafineryjnego
EN
The authors propose an innovative willow cultivation method, the so-called Eko-Salix system, on agricultural land not used for consumption crops using three-year-old live stakes at a density of 4.5 thousand ha-1 and biomass harvesting in a 5-year rotation. The basis of the conducted study was a large-area experiment, carried out in four replications in the years 2009-2013 on peat-muck soil (Ł-MtII cb). The experimental factor was a homogeneous crop of Salix viminalis - the UWM 043 clone and a mixture of Salix viminalis clones - UWM: 043, 067, 046. Higher heating value and lower heating value in average amounted to 19.54 MJ∙kg-1 d.m. and 8.9 MJ∙kg-1 respectively. Amount of carbon and hydrogen was high. Moisture, ash, sulphur, nitrogen and chlorine content was low. Thus, willow biomass may be regarded as attractive feedstock for further thermochemical conversion for energy and biorefinery purposes.
PL
W pracy określono plon biomasy oraz cechy morfologiczne wierzby uprawianej systemem Eko-Salix w uprawach jednorodnej i mieszanej. System polegał na wysadzeniu żywokołów wierzby do gleby bez uprzedniej uprawy z ograniczonym nawożeniem i pielęgnacją. W doświadczeniu prowadzonym na glebie torfowo-murszowej [Ł-MtII cb] rośliny wierzby wyrosłe z sadzonek długich (żywokołów) po pięciu okresach wegetacji wydały średnio 86,4 t-ha-1 świeżej biomasy. Klon wierzby Salix viminalis UWM 043 wydał plon biomasy średnio o 36% wyższy niż mieszanka klonów. Wysokość roślin 5-letnich wyniosła średnio 8,5 m. Rośliny klonu UWM 043 w uprawie jednorodnej miały średnio 9,7 m, wierzba uprawiana w mieszaninie klonów była natomiast istotnie niższa (średnio 7,2 m). Wilgotność biomasy oznaczona przy zbiorze 5-letnich roślin wierzby wyniosła średnio 48,4%.
EN
The authors propose an innovative willow cultivation method, the so-called Eko-Salix system, on agricultural land not used for consumption crops using three-year-old live stakes at a density of 4.5 thousand∙ha-1 and biomass harvesting in a 5-year rotation using a specialized tractor equipped with a felling head and a built-in wood chipper. The basis of the conducted study was a large-area experiment, carried out in four replications in the years 2009-2013 on peat-muck soil (Ł-MtII cb). The experimental factor was a homogeneous crop of Salix viminalis - the UWM 043 clone and a mixture of Salix viminalis clones - UWM: 043, 067, 046 (a 33% share in the mixture for each). The willow planted from long cuttings (live stakes) gave a high biomass yield after five growing seasons (on average 86.4 t∙ha-1). The UWM 043 willow clone gave a biomass yield 36% higher than the clone mixture. Willow plant losses after five growing seasons averaged 15.9%. In the homogeneous crop, they were low (9.0%), in the mixed crop at 23%. The average height of 5-year-old plants was 8.5 m. The UWM 043 clone plants in the homogeneous crop had 9.7 m and the willow cultivated in the clone mixture was significantly lower (7.2 m). The average main willow shoot diameter was 69 mm. The UWM 043 clone in the homogeneous crop had a main shoot diameter significantly higher than the clone mixture. The biomass moisture content determined at the harvesting time of 5-year-old willow plants averaged 48.4%.
EN
Most of the energy today is obtained from fossil fuels, which are becoming more expensive and less available. Energy from biomass produced on agricultural land is an alternative option. Energy crops should guarantee high yield and good quality parameters, associated with their use in energy production. This study analysed the thermophysical and chemical properties of biomass obtained from 15 new clones of willow selected in the Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. The plants were cultivated in one- and three-year rotation cycles, run in 2009-2011 at two research stations: in Bałdy and in Łężany. The energy content as well as elemental and physical properties of biomass were analysed. The higher heating value was better in biomass from one-year shoots (on average 19.66 MJ kg-1 d.m.). The highest value of this parameter was recorded for the clone of Salix acutifolia UWM 093 (20.04 MJ kg-1 d.m.). The higher heating value in biomass of three-year old clones was on average lower by 0.06 MJ kg-1 d.m. The lower heating value in biomass increased in longer willow coppice harvest cycles. The highest lower heating value was recorded for the clone UWM 035 of Salix pentandra (9.27 MJ kg-1) harvested in a three-year cycle, whereas the lowest one was achieved by the clone of Salix dasyclados UWM 155 (7.55 MJ kg-1) harvested in a one- -year cycle. The average moisture content in three-year shoots was 50.01% d.m., being higher by 2.31% in one-year shoots. The ash content was lower in biomass harvested in three-year rotation. In conclusion, willow biomass obtained in a three-year harvest cycle contains less of undesirable elements and proves to be better quality fuel than biomass obtained in a one-year harvest cycle.
EN
Field experiments with willow (Salix L.) coppice cultivation and Eko-Salix systems have been conducted at the University of Warmia and Mazury since 1992. In that wider context, the aim of the work described here was to compare energy inputs involved in setting up a plantation and producing biomass, and to assess the efficiency of willow-chips production under the coppice and Eko-Salix systems. The energy gain determined in the experiments was several to more than twenty times as great as the inputs needed to operate the plantation and to harvest willow biomass, this leaving both systems of willow cultivation under study attractive where setting up short-rotation coppices is concerned.
16
Content available Willow biomass as a feedstock for gasification
51%
EN
A study concerns the balance of mass and energy in the process of gasification of willow chips (acquired in 5-year rotation), as well as in the process of combustion of the gasification product with flue gas heat recovery. Thermochemical conversion of willow biomass resulted in the production of raw gas with the calorific value of 4937 kJ/kg. The product of gasification comprised a mixture of gaseous compounds, tars and water vapour. The gaseous compounds determined in the study included: hydrogen (8.30%), carbon monoxide (27.51%), methane (1.51%), carbon dioxide (3.79%), nitrogen (55.87%) and small amounts of hydrocarbons C1-C3. The ultimate production output of willow fuel was equal to 91.5 kg of chips per hour and the power output achieved 315 kW. Raw gas produced from willow biomass, mixed with air, was burnt at a temperature exceeding 1000oC and the flue gas heat was recovered in a water boiler and distributed in the central heating system. The collected thermal energy accounted for over 79% of the chemical energy of the biomass at the start of the process.
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