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Kontinuita a změna přesvědčení o distributivní spravedlnosti v České republice v letech 1991 až 2009

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Matějů P. , Smith M. L.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2012

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tom 48

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nr 1

65-84

EN

The article analyses changes in beliefs about distributive justice in the Czech Republic from 1991 to 2009 in an international comparative perspective. Based on previous analyses and published work, the article formulates the hypothesis that the process of crystallisation of the two main ideologies or norms of distributive justice, namely meritocratic and egalitarian ideologies, which was confirmed in analyses carried out from 1991 to 1995, continued in later years. The article draws on the fundamental theories of distributive justice and utilises data from surveys carried out in 1991, 1995, 2006 and 2009, which the authors analyse in terms of measurement and structural models. The models confirm the hypothesis that the crystallisation of norms of distributive justice continued in more recent years, and that at present these norms are internally structured in almost the same way as in advanced democracies. These norms are thus closely tied to the stratification system, which means that meritocracy has solidified its position as the dominant norm of distributive justice, whereas egalitarianism has gradually become a ‘challenging’ norm preferred by individuals in lower-status positions in the stratification system.

2

Restratifikace české politiky. Vývoj třídně podmíněného volebního chování v České republice v letech 1992-2010

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Smith M. L. , Matějů P.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2011

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nr 1

33-59

EN

This article examines the development of class voting in the Czech Republic, 1992- 2010. While many Western countries have been experiencing declining or stable associations between class and electoral choice, we hypothesize that the trend in class voting should be quite different in the Czech Republic, and by extension, in other post-communist countries. We theorize that if a country is undergoing a process of re-stratification - the process in which class-based cleavages and identities regain significance in a new market economy after a long period of their de-stratification by communist egalitarian policies - such a country should also experience increases in class voting in the new market environment. Using standard loglinear and logistic regression approaches, our analysis confirms that class voting has indeed increased in the Czech Republic, particularly from 1998-2010. That increase is large both in the gross effect of class as well as its effect net of the role of other demographic variables. The Czech Republic is therefore relatively unique among countries examined in the international literature on class voting in having increasing associations across several electoral periods.

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Krása jako kapitál : Role atraktivity v úspěchu na trhu práce

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Matějů P. , Anýžová P.

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nr 4

503-531

EN

The main objective of the paper is threefold: first, to examine the role of physical attractiveness in the labour market in the broader context of economic and sociological theory; second, to assess gender differences in returns to beauty; and third, to show that the empirical evidence on gender differences in returns to beauty that has to date prevailingly come from North America cannot be applied to Europe without further examination. We use data from the first large-scale sociological survey focusing on physical attractiveness carried out in Europe and in particular from the follow-up to the Czech national survey of adult competencies (PIAAC). First, using structural modelling to identify differences in how men and women transform family background, formal education, competencies, socio-economic status of occupation and physical attractiveness into income, we found strong evidence in support of the hypothesis that, in general, physically more attractive people have better chance of obtaining a higher socio-economic status occupations, and higher incomes than less attractive people, but the causalities are different for men and women. Second, replicating the linear regression models applied to North American data we assessed the differences in returns to beauty between Czech men and women and found that, unlike in North America, in the Czech Republic the income premium for beauty is markedly higher among women than men, while men capitalise on their attractiveness more in the area of occupational status. We conclude that while returns to beauty are culturally universal, gender differences in these returns are culturally specific.

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Hodnotový kontext volby mezi kariérou a domácností: mezinárodní srovnání

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Weidnerová S. , Matějů P.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2015

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tom 51

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nr 4

637-666

EN

The objective of this article is to theoretically and empirically link Catherine Hakim’s preference theory to Shalom Schwartz’s basic values theory and determine to what extent women’s preferences in relation to employment and a career are supported by their value orientations. A related question, and one with policy relevance, concerns the role of education in women’s deep-rooted preferences and individual concepts of life-success. A third question is to what extent higher education helps women to overcome social barriers to implementing their choices between job (career) and family (household), barriers that mainly derive from the prevalence of conservative values and low labour-market flexibility. The authors carried out a comparative analysis of 25 European countries using data from the second round of the European Social Survey (ESS2) collected in the year 2004. The results of multilevel modeling reveal that education not only significantly reduces the tendency towards conservative values and strengthens openness to change - more significantly with women than with men - but simultaneously helps women overcome the social barriers in the formation of their work-career preferences, particularly in countries with stronger barriers.