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Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in Czechoslovak Silesia during the First Republic (1918–1938)

100%

Dvořák J.

nr 1

36–50

The study discusses the manifestations of anti-Semitism on the territory of Czech Silesia during the period of the so-called First Republic (1918–1938). It charts its evolution and outlines the motives that led to the development of anti-Semitic moods. In spite of pre-dominantly minor incidents and anti-Semitic manifestations resulting most frequently from the worsened economic situation of the non-Jewish population or from national problems omnipresent in multinational Czechoslovak Silesia, local Jews were respected by the majority society during a considerable part of the interwar period. The majority society was aware of their importance. But in the second half of the 1930s, life conditions started worsening for local Jews. Proportional to the escalating demands of Nazi Germany on cession of the Czech frontier area, anti-Semitism provoked by Nazi propaganda grew stronger. In Opavian Silesia in particular, where the German population prevailed, anti-Semitic disturbances by Nazi sympathizers grew in number. The Jews in the Těšín and Ostrava Regions could not feel completely safe at that time either. Czech and Polish radicals were not immune to accusing Jews of embracing German national consciousness, even though they were being persecuted by the Nazis. The hatred against Jews was intensified also by the influx of Jewish refugees from the Reich and later from Austria, in search of rescue from Nazi persecution. After the Munich Agreement was signed in late September 1938, there was a final turn and any remaining calmness disappeared for all Czechoslovak Jews.

Perzekuce československých Židů v Sovětském svazu za druhé světové války

63%

Dvořák J. , Hradilek A.

nr 1

105-120

Hundreds of thousands of refugees from Nazi German occupied Europe were met with various degrees of understanding and openness in many countries around the world. Those who ended up in the Soviet Union – a country still paralyzed by the “Great Terror” of the late 1930s – or in territories occupied by the USSR under the Molotov‑Ribbentrop Pact, faced specific treatment. Many of the refugees who escaped the Nazi persecution were arrested by the Soviet authorities, accused of illegal entry or of espionage, and were enslaved in Gulag labor camps. After the Nazi occupation of the Czech lands in March 1939, followed by the outbreak of the Second World War in September of the same year, more and more Czechoslovak citizens were leaving their country for the Soviet Union. Thousands of Czechoslovak Jews were among them. Soon after crossing the border or after the arrival of the Soviet occupiers, they faced the same fate as other refugees – arrests and years of hard labor in the most remote areas of the USSR. The rescue for some of them came, paradoxically, after the German attack on the Soviet Union. The Soviet leadership, compelled by the Czechoslovak government‑in‑exile, allowed the establishment of a Czechoslovak military brigade within the Soviet army and granted amnesty to Czechoslovak citizens in the Gulag in 1942. Czech Jews were strongly represented in the unit, distinguished themselves in the battles on the Eastern Front, and helped to defeat Nazi Germany and its Allies. Many of those who survived the harsh conditions of the Gulag died in these battles. Based on interviews with the survivors and their families and on recently discovered archive materials, the present study describes the stories of several Czechoslovak Jews who sought refuge from the Nazis in the USSR.