Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Skład mineralny polskich rud darniowych i ich właściwości sorpcyjne - stan badań

100%

Ratajczak T. , Rzepa G.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

|

2001

|

tom T. 27, z. 2--4

457-474

PL

Na podstawie dotychczasowych badań można stwierdzić, że rudy darniowe składają się z autigenicznych minerałów żelazistych i materiału okruchowego. Głównymi fazami są goethyt i ferrihydryt, rzadziej lepidokrokit, wiwianit, syderyt i oligonit. W materiale okruchowym dominuje kwarc. W miałkich odmianach rud darniowych istotnym komponentem jest substancja organiczna. Kopaliny te były stosowane w metalurgii, budownictwie oraz w charakterze sorbentów przy odsiarczaniu gazów przemysłowych. Pod koniec XX wieku zainteresowanie nimi zanikło niemal całkowicie. Charakteryzują się one jednak bardzo korzystnymi właściwościami sorpcyjnymi, co predysponuje je do zastosowań w ochronie środowiska. W pracy podano przykłady możliwości takiego ich wykorzystania

EN

On the basis of hitherto existing data it can be stated that meadow iron ores are composed of authigenic iron minerals and detrital material. Main phases include goethite and ferrihydrite, less frequent are lepidocrocite, vivianite, siderite and oligonite; in the detrital material quartz prevails. In fine-grained varieties of meadow ores organic matter is a significant component. Meadow iron ores were used in metallurgy, building and as sorbents in desulphurization of industrial gases. At the end of the 20th century interest in meadow iron ores fall almost to nil. However, considering their advantageous sorption properties, these rocks should be applied in environment protection, and the paper shows some examples of such possibilities

2

Synthesis and preliminary characterization of 2-line ferrihydrite containing different amounts of Si

100%

Pieczara G. , Rzepa G.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2012

|

tom Vol. 38, no. 4

517--518

EN

Ferrihydrite (Fe5HO8 • 4H2O) is the reddish-brown, nearly amorphous hydrous ferric oxyhydroxide mineral with variable composition, widespread in various near-surface environments. Being thermodynamically unstable, it transforms with time into goethite (a-FeOOH) or hematite (a-Fe2O3). Due to its low crystallinity and high surface area, ferrihydrite is highly reactive and plays, through coprecipitation and adsorption reactions, an essential role in e.g. geochemical cycling of various trace elements and capturing of contaminants from streams and groundwater in such environments as ironladen springs, mine wastes and acid mine drainage. The environmental importance is one of the main reasons for numerous studies on ferrihydrite properties which have been carried out recently. These studies have been dealing with, among others, solubility, thermodynamic features, surface chemistry, sorption and catalytic properties etc. However, in the majority of experimental works synthetic ferrihydrite analogues with chemical composition close to ideal have been applied. Such approach might cause oversimplification, because ferrihydrite always contain substantial amounts of admixtures, with Si, C, P, As, Ca, Al being probably most common. One of the most important and the most common impurity is Si, which in the form of silicate ion has strong affinity for a hydrous ferric oxyhydroxide surface. An association of ferrihydrite with Si not only retards the rate of its transformation to the stable phases (goethite or hematite), but also seriously affects e.g. surface chemistry. Although Si-ferrihydrite was successfully synthesized in several studies, relatively little is known about its properties. The aim of this work was to fill that gap. Ferrihydrite samples having different Si/Fe molar ratios: 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.50, were obtained by reaction of Fe2(SO4)3 with NaOH in the presence of Na2Si03 at pH 8.2. The precipitates were incubated for four days at room temperature, then the suspensions were dialyzed to remove an excess of salt, and finally freezedried. The products were characterized using a variety of analytical techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and Raman spectroscopy. The X-ray pattern of pure ferrihydrite reveals two asymmetric broad bands with maxima at 2.55 A and 1.50 A, characteristic for 2-line ferrihydrite. With increasing Si/Fe molar ratio, shifting in position of the first (ca. 35°20) peak towards lower angles (up to ca. 29°20) was observed. Gradual broadening of the peak and declining its asymmetry were noticed as well. Both the position and the shape of the second band did not shift at the same time. These features indicate reducing crystallinity and lowering grain size of Si-ferrihydrite in comparison to those for the pure ferrihydrite. Infrared spectrum of the pure (Si-free) ferrihydrite shows a broad band at ca. 400 cm"1, with a shoulder at 600 cm"1, attributable to Fe-0 stretching vibrations. Distinct bands at 1635 cm"1 and 3400 cm"1, related to OH stretching, are apparent as well. The presence of small peaks at 975 cm" , 1055 cm" and 1125 cm" is probably an effect of sulfate complex formation on the ferrihydrite surface. Increasing Si concentration strongly affects infrared spectra of ferrihydrite: additional intensive band at ca. 990 cm" (Si-0 stretching) appears and is getting stronger with increasing Si/Fe ratio. The position of this band is shifted slightly towards higher wavenumbers (up to 1003 cm"1) at higher-Si-ferrihydrite spectra. At the same time, ~ 600 cm"1 shoulder and sulfate peaks disappear. Results of Raman spectroscopy are in general consistent with those of FTIR and gave more specific information about the band at ca. 400 cm"1, which is quite indistinct on infrared spectra and attributed to Fe-OH unsymmetrical-stretching vibrations. The band is getting broader and is slightly shifted to higher wavenumbers with increasing Si/Fe ratio but its intensity decreases drastically for the highest-Si samples (Si/Fe > 0.75). At the same time, characteristic 720 cm"1 peak and ca. 500 cm"1 shoulder become hardly visible and the spectra are getting dominated by broad but intensive band of ca. 1500-1700 cm"1, typical for amorphous silica. Additionally, sharp peak at 980 cm"1 present on lower-Si spectra is probably an effect of relic sulfate ion adsorption onto ferrihydrite surface. Preliminary results indicate that silicate ions not only cause decreasing crystallinity and retard ferrihydrite transformation but also strongly affect its surface properties. To verify this hypothesis and to enhance characteristics of Si-ferrihydrite, additional analyses are planned, including solubility, surface area and pHPZC determinations, thermal analyses and electron microscopy. Sorption/desorption studies involving cations and anions binding are planned as well.

3

Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry

100%

Matusik J. , Rzepa G.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2016

|

tom Vol. 42, no. 2

218--222

4

The using possibility of clay-rich overburden rocks from selected Polish deposits

100%

Bożęcki P. , Rzepa G.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2012

|

tom Vol. 38, no. 4

457

EN

The objective of this work was an assessment of the possibility of utilization of selected clay-rich overburden rocks from selected rock raw material found in Polish deposits. For this purpose samples from 12 deposits in five different provinces of southern Poland (Małopolskie, Śląskie, Podkarpackie, Dolnośląskie and Świętokrzyskie) have been collected. Exploited mineral deposits from which samples have been taken belong to wide range of materials. They are for example dolomite (Rędziny), magnesite (Braszowice), limestone (Czatkowice and Morawica), rhyodacites (Zalas), clay materials for construction of ceramics (Harasiuki, Wala Rzedzińska, Kraniec, Wręczyca) and mineral aggregates like sand (Bielany at Sole and Wola Batorska). Main field of feasibility of using samples were components of waterproofing layers. Part of the samples was also tested for the possibility of their use in land reclamation. Mineral and chemical composition of the samples was analysed, using XRD and ICP-OAS methods, respectively. Grain size distribution was performed by using sieve analysis and by a laser particle size analyser. Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity were also estimated based on the concentration of displaced ions (such as Ba +, Fe +, Sr +, Al +, Mg +, Ca +, Na+, K+, Li+) by ammonium cation (from the 1 M ammonium acetate solution) and indicated cations. Results of this study show that none of the tested samples met all the requirements for components of hydro-isolation layer, and therefore they cannot be used for this purpose. In most cases this is an effect of unfavourable mineral composition (to high percentage of non-clay minerals) and/or chemical composition. Usually the amount of examined exchangeable cations was also incorrect. The applicability results for land reclamation showed a very large variation. Part of the samples has acquired the highest A class. However, some samples were also found to be characterized by the worst D class of reclamation utility.

5

Możliwości wykorzystania kopalin towarzyszących z wybranych złóż surowców skalnych Polski jako komponentów do budowy przesłon hydroizolacyjnych

100%

Bożęcki P. , Rzepa G.

|

2012

|

tom R. 53, nr 1-2

104-108

PL

W artykule przedstawione zostały wyniki badań dotyczące możliwości wykorzystania kopalin towarzyszących z wybranych złóż na terenie województw małopolskiego, dolnośląskiego, podkarpackiego, śląskiego oraz świętokrzyskiego. W sumie przebadanych zostało 18 próbek glin pochodzących z 12. złóż. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań pokazują iż żadna z przebadanych próbek nie spełnia wszystkich wymagań stawianych komponentom do budowy przesłon hydroizolacyjnych, dlatego też nie mogą być one wykorzystane do tego celu. W większości przypadków wynika to z niekorzystnego uziarnienia i/lub składu chemicznego, zwykle niewłaściwa jest również kolejność kationów wymiennych.

EN

The paper presents the results of studies on the possibility of use of the accompanying minerals from selected deposits in the Małopolskie, Śląskie, Podkarpackie, Dolnośląskie and Świętokrzyskie provinces. In total, 18 samples were tested from 12 clay deposits in Poland. Results of this study show that none of tested samples did not meet all the requirements for components of hydro-isołation layer, and therefore cannot be used for this purpose. In most cases this is due to unfavorablegrain size and/or chemical composition, usually it is also wrong order of cation exchange.

6

Geochemistry of waters and bottom sediments in landslide lakes in Babiogórski National Park

100%

Sala D. , Rzepa G.

Mineralogia

|

2011

|

tom Vol. 42, iss. 1

63--72

EN

The aim of this work was to assess the contamination of the landslide lakes located within Babiogórski National Park. For this purpose, samples of water and bottom sediment from 12 lakes were collected. Chemical analyses of the waters (including main cation and anion concentrations, trace-metal levels and selected physicochemical parameters) and of the sediments (including heavy metals) were performed. The waters are acidic to neutral and are characterized by low mineralization. Concentrations of trace elements are commonly low. Elevated levels of Fe, Mn and Al are probably related to natural geochemical processes. The sediments are strongly contaminated by Cd, whereas other trace metals levels are at their hydrogeochemical background. The high level of Cd contamination is most probably related to long-range industrial emissions.

7

Lokalne kopaliny mineralne a możliwości ich wykorzystania w ochronie środowiska (na przykładzie mazurskich rud darniowych)

100%

Ratajczak T. , Rzepa G.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

2011

|

tom Nr 27

161-169

PL

Rudy darniowe należą do zapomnianych kopalin zalegających na terenie Warmii i Mazur. W czasach historycznych były eksploatowane i stanowiły podstawę lokalnego przemysłu hutniczego. Ze względów ekonomicznych przestano je wykorzystywać. Wykazane w późniejszym czasie ich właściwości, wynikające z ich składu mineralnego i chemicznego pozwoliły traktować je jako sorbenty mineralne. W tej sytuacji obecność tych kopalin na terenie Warmii i Mazur może zostać spożytkowana praktycznie. Jako kopaliny lokalne mogą zostać wykorzystane w charakterze naturalnych sorbentów.

EN

Bog iron ores represent a forgotten or, virtually unknown mineral raw material in the Warmia and Mazury region (NE Poland). Long ago they were an interesting, exploited commodity thatmade the basis of a local "metallurgical industry", but because of economic reasons their mining ceased. However, current advances in analytical methods have resulted in revealing new, previously unsuspected properties of the bog ores. Detailed information on their mineral and chemical composition as well as physical and chemical features points to a possibility of utilizing the bog ores in question as mineral sorbents. Therefore, bog ores can become a new, local commodity in the region of Warmia and Mazury.

8

Rudy darniowe w świeckim i sakralnym budownictwie jako lokalna atrakcja geoturystyczna

100%

Ratajczak T. , Rzepa G.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Górnictwo / Politechnika Śląska

|

2006

|

tom z. 273

357-366

PL

Rudy darniowe na terenie Polski wykorzystywano w przeszłości przede wszystkim do celów metalurgicznych oraz jako sorbenty do odsiarczania gazów przemysłowych. Mniej znane jest wykorzystanie ich kawałkowych odmian do celów budowlanych. Budowle wykonane z tego materiału mogą, ze względu na swoją wyjątkowość, pretendować na niektórych obszarach Polski do roli lokalnej atrakcji geoturystycznej.

EN

Bog iron ores in Poland were utilized mainly in metallurgy and as sorbents in desulphurization of industrial gases. Application of lump bog ores as a building material is less known. In some regions of Poland, the building structures made of bog ores may become, due to their uniqueness, a local tourist attraction.

9

Wstępne wyniki badań mineralogiczno-hydrogeochemicznych prowadzonych w rejonie zlikwidowanej Kopalni Węgla Brunatnego "Przyjaźń Narodów" szyb "Babina" w rejonie Łęknicy

100%

Bożęcki P. , Rzepa G.

|

2010

|

tom R. 51, nr 2

66-69

PL

Obszar badań położony jest na południowym krańcu Łuku Mużakowa. W rejonie tym była prowadzona eksploatacja węgla brunatnego do początku lat 70-tych XX wieku. Po zaprzestaniu wydobycia doszło do utworzenia środowiska kwaśnych wód kopalnianych. W pracy zaprezentowano wstępne wyniki badań mineralogicznych osadów tworzących się w rejonie zlikwidowanej kopalni węgla brunatnego "Babina" jak również rezultaty analiz hydrogeochemicznych wód, ze zbiorników sedymentacyjnych.

EN

The study area is located on the southern edge of the Muskau Arc. Excavation in this area was carried to the early 70 's XX century. Stopping the operation in the research area led to creation of environment of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). The following paper presents preliminary results of mineralogical studies of sediments forming in the region offormer lignite mine " Babina " as well as the results of hydrogeochemical research of waters from which these sediments formed.

10

Rudy darniowe - przeszłość, teraźniejszość i przyszłość

80%

Ratajczak T. , Bahranowski K. , Rzepa G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2003

|

tom Vol. 51, nr 3

s.231--235

PL

Rudy darniowe były dotąd kojarzone z procesami uzyskiwania metalicznego żelaza. Poczynając od XIX w. zaczęto je stosować jako surowiec służący oczyszczaniu gazów przemysłowych z połączeń siarki. Ustalenie ich składu fazowego, uziarnienia i cech strukturalno-teksturalnych stało się podstawą do traktowania ich jako sorbentów mineralnych, zwłaszcza w przypadku mediów gazowych a także wody i metali ciężkich. Istnieje przez to szansa i potrzeba wykorzystania ich jako oczyszczaczy celem sorbowania zanieczyszczeń z emisji gazowych do atmosfery. W ten sposób jawi się możliwość ponownego wykorzystania tych kopalin.

EN

Bog ores were traditionally used as a source of metallic iron. Beginning from the 19th century, they have also been utilized as sorbents for removing sulphur compounds from industrial gases. Determinations of phase composition, grain size distributions as well as structural and textural features are essential in assessing characteristics of bog ores as mineral sorbents, especially for gases and also heavy metal ions. The most important for future use are their properties allowing to purify gaseous emissions released into the atmosphere. In this way bog ores can be utilized anew.

11

Skład mineralny oraz właściwości fizykomechaniczne kawałkowych odmian rud darniowych stosowanych w historycznym budownictwie na ziemiach polskich

80%

Kraczkowska I. , Ratajczak T. , Rzepa G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2001

|

tom Vol. 49 nr 12

1147-1156

EN

. In the history of mankind, bog iron ores have been treated as a mineral raw material for manufacturing of metallic iron. Less known is utilization of lump varieties of these ores as building materials. The authors present the results of investigations on mineral and chemical compositions as well as physical and mechanical properties of lump bog iron ores. They were collected from the regions of Poland where such rocks were rather commonly used for building purposes, i.e from the Barycz River valley (Szklarka Przygodzicka) and the Ziemia Lubuska region (Studzieniec). The results obtained indicate the physical properties and mechanical parameters of the lump ores in question to be diversified in relation to their phase composition. They also prove that these ores were an inferior building material and their application resulted mainly from wide availability of these building rocks.

12

Results of microbiological research in the polish part of the Muskau Arch - the largest AMD environment in Poland - final report

80%

Bożęcki P. , Rzepa G. , Ratajczak T.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

|

2014

|

tom No. 12

17--26

EN

This work presents the results of microbiological investigations carried out in the Polish part of the Muskau Arch. In this abandoned lignite mining area highly acidified Fe-rich waters have been formed as a result of sulphide oxidation. Microbiological tests have shown that all studied groups of microorganisms exhibit both time and spatial variability. The most common group of microorganisms are bacteria Galionella sp.

PL

W rejonie Łuku Mużakowa prowadzona była eksploatacja m.in. węgla brunatnego. Działalność kopalń w tym rejonie trwała do końca lat 70. XX wieku. Po zakończeniu eksploatacji w obniżeniach terenu powstały liczne zbiorniki wodne, tworzące tzw. pojezierze antropogeniczne. W wyniku utleniania siarczków (głównie pirytu) występujące tutaj wody są bogate w żelazo oraz charakteryzują się bardzo niskim pH. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań mikrobiologicznych wykonywanych w polskiej części tej struktury geologicznej. Stwierdzono, że wszystkie badane grupy mikroorganizmów wykazują zmienność zarówno czasową (wynikającą z pór roku) jak i przestrzenną (wynikającą z miejsca pobrania próbki do badań). Wykazano, iż najliczniejszą grupą mikroorganizmów są nitkowate bakterie z rodzaju Gallionella. Stosunkowo liczne są ponadto bakterie Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Ponieważ obie te grupy mikroorganizmów do swojego wzrostu potrzebują tych samych związków chemicznych ich populacje konkurują ze sobą – nawet kosztem ograniczenia tempa rozwoju populacji własnego gatunku.

13

Tlenki manganu z diabazów Niedźwiedziej Góry koło Krakowa

80%

Muszyński M. , Rzepa G. , Skowroński A.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

|

2009

|

tom T. 35, z. 2

135-151

PL

Czarne tlenki manganu z polimineralnych żył napotkanych w 1998 r. w tzw. diabazach z Niedźwiedziej Góry koło Krakowa zidentyfikowano (XRD, IR, DTA-TG, SEM/EDS, EPMA/WDS) jako człony pośrednie szeregu rancieit-takanelit. W porównaniu z opisanymi w literaturze minerałami tego szeregu charakteryzują się podwyższonymi koncentracjami żelaza i baru oraz stosunkowo niewielkimi udziałami wapnia. W przypuszczalnej sukcesji składników powyższych żył tlenki te zajmują przedostatnią pozycję: goethyt +/- saponit - tensja - baryt, kwarc pręcikowo-igłowy - ługowanie - tlenki Mn, kwarc słupkowy. Wykrystalizowały prawdopodobnie z wód descenzyjnych związanych z powierzchniowym wietrzeniem diabazów, które miało miejsce po zerodowaniu nadległych skał karbonu. Głównym źródłem manganu były zapewne wietrzejące diabazy.

EN

Black manganese oxides from the polymineral veins found in 1998 in the so-called diabases of Niedźwiedzia Góra near Kraków have been identified (XRD, IR, DTA-TG, SEM/EDS, EPMA/WDS) as intermediate members of the rancieite-takanelite series. In comparison with the minerals of this series described in the literature, they reveal elevated contents of iron and barium and relatively low contents of calcium. In the probable succession of components of the veins mentioned, the Mn oxides occupy the before last position: goethite +/- saponite - tension - barite, thin prismatic-acicular quartz - leaching - Mn oxides, prismatic quartz. They must have crystallized from descensive waters associated with surface weathering of the diabases, which took place when overlaying Carboniferous rocks had been eroded. The weathering diabases were a probable source of manganese.

14

Rudy darniowe jako sorbenty mineralne - badania jakości i propozycje zasad dokumentowania

80%

Ratajczak T. , Fijał J. , Rzepa G. , Bajda T.

|

2006

|

tom R. 48, nr 1-2

141-145

PL

Wykorzystanie rud darniowych, jako naturalnych sorbentów mineralnych, wymaga nowego podejścia do nich jako kopaliny. Stwarza to konieczność ustalenia parametrów jakościowych, surowcowych i geologiczno-złożowych, determinujących ich wykorzystanie w ochronie i inżynierii środowiska. Proponowane dotychczas wskaźniki jakościowe, jak zawartość Fe2O3 i SiO2, mogą być niewystarczające do zakwalifikowania rud, jako sorbentów mineralnych. Stąd, do proponowanych parametrów jakościowych należą skład fazowy, głównie w zakresie form występowania związków żelaza oraz zawartość najważniejszych składników chemicznych (Fe2O3, SiO2, MnO2, P2O5, węgiel organiczny, straty prażenia). Kryteria surowcowe powinny dotyczyć określania cech fizykochemicznych rud, jak: powierzchnia właściwa, pojemność wymiany jonów, porowatość, cechy strukturalno-teksturalne, a także wielkości sorpcji gazów, wody i jonów metali ciężkich. Stosowane dotychczas kryteria geologiczno-złożowe, opierające się na ustaleniu powierzchni nagromadzeń, ich miąższości, formy występowania oraz stosunek grubości nadkładu do miąższości rud są wystarczające do określania ich zasobów i opłacalności eksploatacji. Nowością w proponowanych zasadach dokumentacji będzie natomiast metodyka geologicznych i geofizycznych prac poszukiwawczych, wyznaczanie gęstości siatki wkopów i sond oraz sposobu opróbowania. Wyznaczanie cech jakościowych, surowcowych i geologiczno-złożowych stanie się podstawą do: obliczenia zasobów rud w nagromadzeniu; ustalenia wartości granicznych parametrów chemicznych i fizykochemicznych; przedstawienia propozycji podziału nagromadzeń i odmian rud darniowych na kategorie, klasy ze względu na wyznaczone parametry; opracowania zasad oceny przydatności rud darniowych w określonych technologiach ochrony środowiska.

EN

A new approach to bog ores is required if they are to be utilized as natural mineral sorbents. Considerning them as a mineral commodity must be preceded by establishinhg their quality, industrial properties as well as geological and economic parameters. Those investigations will provide comprehensive conclusions that can lead to a final evaluation of bog ores as a mineral raw material applicable in environment protecting and engineering. The quality parameters used so far, such as the contents of Fe2O3 should be added the mineral composition (mainly types of Fe-bearing phases) and the contents of the most important chemical components (Fe2O3, SO2, MnO2, P2O5, organic carbon, loss on ignition ). The industrial applicability criteria should include such physical and chemical features as the specific surface area, ion exchange capacity, porosity, structural and textural properties, sorption capacity to gases, water and heavy metals. The geological and economic criteria used so far, based on determining the surface extent of bog ores, their thickness, deposit outlines and the overburden/deposit thickness ratio, are sufficient to determine bog ore reserves and profitability of exploitation. Novelties proposed here with regard to preparing a geological report on the bog ore deposit include: methodology of geological and geophysical exploration, determining the density of pitting and trenching, establishing the method of sampling. The determination of parameters concerning the quality, industrial potential and geological parameters of bog ores will be the basis of: calculating reserves, accepting cut-off values of chemical and physico-chemical parameters, distinguishing categories and classes of the bog ores varieties present in the deposit, evaluation of applicability of the bog ores in specific technologies of environment protection.

15

Microbiology of acid waters ans ferruginous precipitates formation in the polish part of the Muskau Arch - preliminary raport

80%

Bożęcki P. , Rzepa G. , Ratajczak T.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

|

2010

|

tom No. 4

13-18

EN

This work presents preliminary results of mineralogical, geochemical and microbiological investigations carried out in the Polish part of the Muskau Arch. As a result of sulphide oxidation in this abandoned mining area, highly acidified Fe-rich waters have been formed. Ferruginous precipitates composed mainly of schwertmannite, goethite, jarosite and gypsum accompany them. Both the water chemistry and the rate of the sediments formation vary significantly due to seasonal weather changes and microbiological activity.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wstępne wyniki badań mineralogicznych, geochemicznych i mikrobiologicznych wykonywanych w polskiej części Łuku Mużakowa. W wyniku utleniania siarczków w tym opuszczonym obszarze górnictwa tworzą się wody bardzo zakwaszone oraz bogate w żelazo. Osady żelaziste składają się głównie z schwertmannitu, goethytu, jarosytu oraz gipsu. Zarówno chemia wody oraz tempo powstawania osadów różnią się znacząco ze względu na sezonowe warunki pogodowe i aktywność mikrobiologiczną.

16

Skład fazowy i chemiczny oraz właściwości sorpcyjne jako kryteria możliwości kompleksowego wykorzystania rud darniowych

80%

Bahranowski K. , Rzepa G. , Korona W. , Ratajczak T.

|

2000

|

tom R. 42, nr 2-3

198-210

PL

Nigdy w długiej historii eksploatacji i przetwarzania rud darniowych nie istniały jednolite kryteria służące rozpoznaniu ich nagromadzeń czy ocenie możliwości oraz kierunków wykorzystania. Próby takie w przeszłości czyniono kilkakrotnie. Pod uwagę brano przy tym zarówno parametry geologiczno-górnicze (miąższość i powierzchnię nagromadzeń, zasoby) jak i jakościowe (zazwyczaj zawartości podstawowych składników chemicznych). Miały one na celu ocenę możliwości wykorzystania rud darniowych w dwóch zasadniczych i tradycyjnych kierunkach - metalurgii i do oczyszczania gazów przemysłowych. Przeprowadzone przez autorów badania dotyczyły zróżnicowania odmian rud darniowych. Objęły one określenie: składu fazowego i chemicznego; niektórych właściwości fizyko-chemicznych: powierzchni właściwej, porowatości, pojemności wymiany kationów; sorpcji gazów (SO2, CO), wody oraz kationów metali ciężkich - Cu i Zn. Okazało się, że rudy darniowe bardzo dobrze sorbują: Cu, Zn i SO2. Można je zatem traktować jako naturalne sorbenty mineralne. Kryterium determinującym taki kierunek ich utylizacji są: właściwości sorpcyjne, skład fazowy, chemiczny.

EN

In the long history of turf ores exploitation and processing there have never existed uniform criteria for the identification of their deposits or evaluation of the possibilities and directions of utilization. Such attempts have been made several times. They took into account both mining and geological parameters (porosity and surface of deposits, resources) and qualitative parameters (usualy the content of basic chemical components). They were aimed at the evaluation of the possibilities of turf ores utilization in two basic and traditional directions - for metallurgy and for the purification of industrial gases. The research carried out by the authors focused on the differentiational of turf ores types. It included the definition of: phase and chemical content; some physical and chemical features: specific surface, porosity, capacity of kations exchange; gas (SO2, CO), water and heavy metals (Cu and Zn) sorption. It turned out that turf ores adsorb very well: Cu, Zn and SO2. They can be treated as natural mineral sorbents. The criteria which determine such a direction of their utilization are: sorption characteristics, phase content, chemical content.

17

The influence of silicate content on thermal stability of 2-line ferrihydrite and properties of its transformation products

80%

Pieczara G. , Rzepa G. , Gaweł A.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2014

|

tom Vol. 40, no. 1

160--161

EN

Naturally occurring ferrihydrite (Fe5HO8 • 4H2O) is a poorly ordered iron (oxyhydr)oxide mineral, with non-stoichiometric composition and not fully understood structure. Because of its unique chemical and physical properties, such as low crystallinity, high surface area and surface reactivity, ferrihydrite plays significant role in e.g. inorganic weathering processes, biochemical cycling of iron and as a sorbent in various near-surface environments. Ferrihydrite is a metastable phase and transforms with time into stable oxides: goethite and/or hematite, through dissolution-reprecipitation and dehydration-rearrangement mechanisms, respectively. Ferrihydrite structure provides numerous sorption sites and for this reason substantial amounts of admixtures are present in its chemical composition. The most common and well documented impurities include silicate, phosphate, arsenate, sulphate, calcium, aluminum and organic compounds. These ions affect ferrihydrite composition, surface molecular structure and sorption properties. Silicate, probably the most important impurity, causes decreasing crystallinity of this nanomineral, modifies magnetic ordering and solubility. Thus, natural ferrihydrite distinctly differ from synthetic pure analogue. As it was previously shown, the association of Si with ferrihydrite surface hindered thermal transformation to hematite. The implications of this observation for the understanding of Si-ferrihydrite stability in geochemical systems are obvious. The aim of this work was determining of the influence of the Si/Fe ratio in ferrihydrites on its thermal transformation processes and the properties of the products. Ferrihydrite samples having different Si/Fe molar ratios: 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.50, were obtained by reaction of Fe2(SO4)3 with NaOH in the presence of Na2Si03 at pH 8.2. After four-day incubation, dialysis and freeze-drying, the precipitates were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then thermal analyses (DTA/DTG/TG) were performed. All of the ferrihydrites were heated from 30°C to 1000°C, at 10°C min-1 in flowing air, using hematite as inert material. After heating all the samples were again characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS methods. DTA curve of pure ferrihydrite shows typical dehydration endotherm at 160°C and. sharp exotherm at 350°C, attributed to hematite formation. Additional weak peaks at 550°C and 710°C were probably originated form decomposition of relic sulphate. The presence of Si in ferrihydrite appears to stabilize its structure and prevents conversion to hematite: the ferrihydrite-hematite transformation peak weakens and broadens and is shifted towards higher temperatures, up to ca. 900°C for high-Si materials. However, no simple linear relationship between silica content in ferrihydrite and the position of this peak has been found. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the main product of thermal transformation of all ferrihydrites is hematite (α-Fe2O3). For low-Si samples (Si/Fe < 0.20), a gradual broadening of 104, 214, 300, 110 hematite reflexes has been noticed, indicating the decrease of its crystallinity. On the other hand, for high-Si materials the broadening appears to be less distinct. Increasing Si/Fe molar ratio (≥ 0.10) in the initial material took an effect also in the appearance of a cristobalite-type oxide, the content of which increases drastically for the highest-Si samples. Additionally, the XRD pattern of the Si/Fe 0.10 sample reveals the presence of some spinel phase. Hematite originating from the heating of Si-free ferrihydrite forms quite large (up to 1 mm in size) isometric and prismatic crystals, often exhibiting pseudohexagonal shape. In contrast, the oxide particles become tenfold smaller even in the lowest-silicate material (Si/Fe = 0.05) and reveal pseudospheric morphology. In higher-silicate products (Si/Fe > 0.10) the crystallites are getting elongated and the elongation increases with increasing Si/Fe ratio. This preliminary study demonstrates that silicate content causes the retarding of ferrihydrite (thermal) transformation to hematite and affecting crystallinity of the latter. Even small Si admixture in the precursor reduces crystal size of the product. During roasting of low-Si ferrihydrites some Si probably enter the hematite structure, but higher-Si hematites cannot form and for this reason heating of high-Si ferrihydrites produces two-phase composition.

18

Weathering of siderite in the polar conditions

80%

Figura P. , Manecki M. , Rzepa G.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2014

|

tom Vol. 40, no. 1

84--85

EN

Rapid retreat and thinning of glaciers perturb balance of polar ecosystems. These processes influence global climate (Anderson et al. 2000, Płonka 2009). For better understanding of changes and their consequences for global climate, it is necessary to extend our knowledge about processes occurring contemporary in the forelands of retreating glaciers. Numerous researches were carried out on this subject (Anderson et al. 1997, Bukowska-Jania et al. 2003, Pulina et al. 2003). For example, upliftdriven climate change hypothesis assumes that decrease of temperature results from regression of glaciers and is connected with chemical denudation of silicate sediments, which acts as a sink of CO2 from the atmosphere (Płonka 2009). Despite of this, many processes and dependences in polar environment are poorly known. Retreating glaciers and high chemical denudation observed in Polar Regions play significant role in weathering of regolith. Fast retreat of many glaciers exposures great amounts of fresh and fine sediment. Weathering of rock-forming minerals is a source of ions in waters as well as secondary minerals and nutrients in initial soils. These issues are object of interest recently because intensified weathering in Polar Regions may affect global cycle of many elements, particularly Fe (Anderson et al. 1997, 2000, Brenasconi 2008). This study is a part of large research, concerning mechanisms, budget and transport of iron from the foreland of fast retreating arctic glacier. The objective of this research is to determine processes and products of siderite weathering in the polar condition. The area of this study is located on the SW part of the Spitsbergen, in the foreland of Werenskioldbreen. It is hypothesized that in Arctic these processes differ significantly from their equivalents in Alpine regions. Field experiment on Spitsbergen lasted eight years. Samples of the siderite were buried in the surface layer of bottom moraine (in the initial polar soils) 100 m, 250 m and 2000 m from glacier front. This represents a chronosequence of sediment uncovered from underneath the glacier ca. 5-, 10-, and 90-years ago. Samples were recovered after 1 year and after 8 years of burial. Optical microscopy in transmitted and reflected light, scanning electron microscopy SEM/EDS and powder X-ray diffractometry were applied to characterize both, control sample and experimental samples. Siderite with manganese substitutions sampled from the outcrops of metamorphic carbonate in the vicinity of Werenskiold glacier was used for the experiment. This resembles mineral fragments eroded and transported by the glacier. Characterization of control sample (siderite before the experiment) indicates that it already exhibits advanced stages of transformation into secondary phases. Secondary minerals include oxides and hydroxides of iron, such as: goethite, hematite and lepidocrocite. The same mineral phases were identified in experimental recovered after burial. Additionally, 8-year sample shows traces of dissolution. Weathering of siderite in polar initial soils in the foreland of retreating glacier leads to formation of secondary goethite, hematite and lepidocrocite. These phases appear to be the most stable products of siderite weathering in this environment. There is no difference between the samples buried in very young and in older, more evolved initial soil. Additionally, transformations of siderite are identical in initial polar soils and in the outcrops of siderite rock. Traces of dissolution noticed on the surface of older samples indicate that part of iron is permanently removed from the system by solutions. This process, probably mediated by microorganisms, requires further investigation.

19

Wpływ metody syntezy na właściwości fizykochemiczne ferrihydrytu i Si-ferrihydrytu

80%

Pieczara G. , Mendsaikhan N. , Manecki M. , Rzepa G.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2015

|

tom T. 94, nr 10

1828-1831

PL

Przeprowadzono syntezę ferrihydrytów (Fe5HO8·4H2O) czystych (bez domieszki Si) i zawierających domieszki Si (stosunek molowy Si:Fe = 0,1) przez wytrącanie z roztworów wodnych. Porównano produkty otrzymane w reakcji zobojętniania roztworów siarczanu żelaza(III) (metoda siarczanowa) lub azotanu żelaza(III) (metoda azotanowa). Wykazano, że czyste ferrihydryty otrzymane metodą azotanową charakteryzują się mniejszymi rozmiarami cząstek, większą powierzchnią właściwą, mniejszym stopniem uporządkowania struktury oraz mniejszą trwałością termiczną. Sposób syntezy ma mniejszy wpływ na różnice we właściwościach ferrihydrytów z domieszką Si.

EN

Pure Fe5HO8·4H2O and Si-doped ferrihydrites (Si/Fe = 0.1 molar ratio) were pptd. from aq. solns. of Fe2 (SO4)3 and Fe(NO3)3 with NaOH optionally in presence of Na2SiO3 under stirring. Si-contg. ferrihydrites had smaller particles and showed higher thermal stability and sp. surface area than the pure ones.

20

Manganese oxides from Zalas, Kraków area, southern Poland

80%

Polak M. , Gołębiowska B. , Rzepa G.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2016

|

tom Vol. 42, no. 1

120--121

EN

The Zalas quarry is located in the southern, marginal part of the Silesian-Cracovian Monocline. Permian rhyodacite laccolith has been exploited here for over 70 years. The intrusion was formed about 260–280 Ma during the Early Permian transtensional, sinistral tectonic regime predominating in central Europe at that time (Nawrocki et al. 2005). Permian volcanic rocks are overlain by a Middle–Upper Jurassic sedimentary sequence, built from sands and sandstones, substituted with the passing of time by limestones and sandy limestones rich in fossils (Matyszkiewicz et al. 2006). Quarrying operations carried out approximately 10 years ago uncovered a fault zone cutting the Middle Jurassic sandy limestones. Exposed breccias was locally encrusted by a hydrothermal mineralization forming thin veinlets cutting the limestone, or surrounding the breccia clasts. Primary mineralization contained small relics of pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, galena, native bismuth and barite and was significantly replaced by supergene minerals e.g. Fe and Mn oxides, malachite, cuprite, Cu sulphates, iodargyrite, Bi oxychlorides and Na, K chlorides (Gołębiowska et al. 2006, 2010, 2015). The mineralization is most likely connected with rejuvenation of Early-Paleozoic fault zones during the Sava phase of the Alpine orogeny, and subsequent intensive weathering under semi-arid and arid climate in a period between the Oligocene and Middle Miocene (Gołębiowska et al. 2010). In the sandy limestone encrusted by the oxidized mineralization, very interesting Mn-oxides, enriched in numerous heavy metals were encountered. They filled small fractures and voids within the fault breccia. Among them, Tl-rich varieties have been recently reported. Extremely high thallium content, reaching 20.82 wt% Tl 2 O, makes the oxides unique on a world scale (Gołębiowska et al. 2015). In this paper we focused on the variable admixtures in Mn oxides from oxidation zone in Zalas; for this purpose, SEM-EDS and WDS analyses were carried out. Mn oxides in Zalas are accompanied by malachite, Fe oxides (goethite and hematite) and relics of primary mineralization (Matyszkiewicz et al. 2015). Mn and Fe oxides commonly form the yellowish to red-brownish or black tiny grains or cryptocrystalline aggregates with sizes up to a few millimetres across. Manganese oxides contain variable admixtures of Cu, Ca, Pb, Ba, Fe, Ni, Co and Tl. On the basis of chemical analyses, three major Mn oxide types have been distinguished: those enriched in (i) Ni and Co, (ii) Pb and (iii) Ba and Ca. Co-Ni-bearing Mn oxides, probably asbolane-type, contain 17.01–21.58 wt% CoO and 3.05–8.33 wt% NiO. These phases contain also admixtures of Cu (up to 10 wt% CuO) and Al (up to 7 wt% of Al 2 O 3 ), as well as traces of Fe, Ba, Zn, Mg and Tl (up to 0.5 wt%). Interestingly, in Mn oxides of this type, the admixtures of lead are absent. Pb-bearing Mn oxide, probably coronadite, contain up to 21.48 wt% PbO. In its composition various other elements were also noticed: up to 2 wt% CoO, 0.4 wt% NiO and very high concentrations of CuO up to 8 wt%, as well as up to 1 wt% BaO, FeO, CaO Tl 2 O, Al 2 O 3 and traces of Zn and Mg. Chemical mapping indicates that the Ba- or Ca-bearing Mn oxides occur only in marginal parts of zoned MnO 2 aggregates with almost pure MnO 2 in their cores. They contain 78–84 wt% MnO 2, 3–10 wt% BaO and 2.5–4.5 wt% CaO. High contents of Co, Ni, Pb, Cu and Tl in Mn oxides from Zalas indicate a direct link with the primary ore assemblage. High concentration of cobalt and nickel might suggest some connection with Co and Ni mineralization known from nearby Karniowice Travertine (Czerny 1992). Mineral association, as well as crystal morphologies and sizes could indicate hydrothermal origin of at least part of the Mn oxides. However, identification of the particular minerals as well as concluding on the details of their origin is quite difficult on this stage of research.