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1

Leksem świnia i formy pokrewne jako wyrazy motywujące w polskiej onimii

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Wójcik U.

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tom 64

53-67

EN

The aim of the article is an attempt to trace the fate of several appellatives grouped in the lexical field around the hyperonym świnia ʽpig, swine’ (wieprz ʽhog’, knur/kiernoz ʽboar’ and prosię ʽpiglet’) as the motivation of many names in Polish onymy, mainly in anthroponymy and toponymy. My research has been conducted along the lines of historical anthropology. Proper names in this approach play an important role in the reconstruction of the past. The field of interest of this article includes mainly names belonging to the old onymic layer. Proper names arise from the lexicon of a given language, which is why my analysis is based on lexical and semantic methodology. My point of departure is the meaning (often reconstructed) of appellative lexical units, including their semantic modifications in the proprial layer. I interpret proper names on the basis of findings regarding their origin and motivation. The first names motivated by the lexeme świnia were associated with the economic organization of the Piast state. In the article I present the history of their creation. I go on to discuss the other lexemes which became the basis of many names belonging to different naming categories. The presence of etymons of interest to us in so many proper names during the Middle Ages allows us to draw the conclusion that pigs played an extremely important role in the lives of our ancestors.

PL

Tematem artykułu jest próba prześledzenia losów kilku apelatywów zgrupowanych w polu leksykalnym wokół hiperonimu świnia (wieprz, knur, kiernoz, prosię) jako wyrazów motywujących powstanie wielu nazw w onimii polskiej, głównie w antroponimii i toponimii. Moje rozważania, osadzone są w perspektywie badawczej antropologii historycznej. Analiza jest oparta na metodologii leksykalno-semantycznej. Wychodzę od znaczenia (często rekonstruowanego) apelatywnych jednostek leksykalnych, z uwzględnieniem ich modyfikacji znaczeniowych w warstwie proprialnej. Nazwy własne interpretuję na podstawie ustaleń genetyczno – motywacyjnych. Szczegółowa analiza pozwoliła na sformułowanie kilku zasadniczych wniosków. Według obliczeń na liście rankingowej nazw miejscowych motywowanych jednostkami leksykalnymi określającymi zwierzęta, leksem świnia znajduje się w pierwszej piątce (na pierwszej pozycji znalazła się kobyła, na drugim miejscu koń). Obecność interesujących nas etymonów w tak wielu nazwach własnych w okresie średniowiecza pozwala na sformułowanie wniosku o niezwykle istotnej roli świń w życiu naszych przodków. Wydaje się, że w tym okresie leksemy związane z tym polem były semantycznie obojętne. Świadczy o tym ich obecność, jako wyrazów fundujących, w wielu starych nazwach osobowych. We współczesnym zasobie nazwisk formacje motywowane interesującymi nas leksemami należą do bardzo rzadkich, zapewne były one usuwane z powodów konotacyjnych. Wnosiły one w widoczny sposób elementy negatywnego (ośmieszającego) profilowania znaczeń. Do tej pory utrzymały się w większej liczbie nazwiska odmiejscowe i formy często przekształcone fonetycznie, które oderwały się swojego pierwotnego źródła motywacji i są neutralne semantycznie. Niewielka ilość osób została przy starych nazwiskach typu Wieprzek.

2

Społeczno-gospodarcze uwarunkowania dziewiętnastowiecznego nazewnictwa miejscowego w Polsce

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Wójcik U.

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tom 59

197-207

EN

The 19th century was the age of changes in name giving in the Polish language. Most of the changes took place due to economic, political and ideological circumstances. The intensive development of the economy in the Polish Kingdom, less seen in the area of the Prussian borderlands, contributed to the naming of new hamlets. Their names are often connected to economic movements. The social and ideological changes have also contributed to the quality names. Many place names were derived from female names due to the social standing of women. All of the contextual factors mentioned above had a significant influence on the manner of creating new names in the 19th century.

3

Dziad i formy pochodne jako wyrazy motywujące w onimii polskiej

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Wójcik U.

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2013

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tom 57

167–174

EN

The article takes up the problem of the mutual relations of appellatives and the secondary category, in relation to them, of proper names in a diachronic formulation. The goal of this article was to attempt to trace the fortunes of the appellative dziad and derivative forms as terms motivating the creation of many names in Polish onymy, primarily in anthroponymy and toponymy. Proper names in diachronic formulation comprise a secondary category in relation to appellatives, and in connection with this, the studies had a multi-directional character — they dealt with both the appellative layer of the language as well as the proprial. The lexico-semantic methodology used in the article is based on the meaning of appellative lexical units, with consideration of their polysemy and meaning shifts. Proper names were subjected to further analysis based on genetico-motivational interpretation of the onyms. The studies conducted made it possible to grasp and show the development of the proprial category in Polish onymy in close connection with the history of development of the appellative sphere from the Early Slavic period to contemporary times. As a result of various conditioning, linguistic and beyond, primarily anthropological and cultural, the proud dziad changed into the needy beggar dziad, that is, negative reprofiling of its initial fundamental meaning) occurred. This was reflected also in the proprial sphere of the language.

4

Skot – wardęga – bydło w polskiej leksyce i onomastykonie

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Wójcik U.

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tom 36

67-75

EN

In the paper, I describe and analyse the Old Polish synonymous chain skot – wardęga – bydło from the angle of its etymology. The review of examples is mainly intended to illustrate the thesis that the category of proper names in a diachronic perspective developed in close relation with the development of the appellative sphere. It is a secondary category, subordinate in relation to the appellative sphere as proper names were, and continue to be, the building blocks of onyms. A parallel analysis of appellatives and onyms confirms the high word-formative variantive quality of the early stages of the Polish language. On the sidelines of the main considerations, I show to what extent the polysemy of lexemes i.e. words building proper names and the appellative homonymy and homonymy of proper names in these words makes it difficult, indeed sometimes even impossible, to reconstruct the semantic motivation.

5

Medieval Onymic Resources – an Untapped Source in Historical Linguistics? A Research Prolegomena

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Wójcik U.

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tom 63

279-290

EN

Medieval Onymic Resources – an Untapped Source in Historical Linguistics? A Research Prolegomena The article is devoted to more comprehensive use of medieval onymic resources in research on the history of the Polish language. These materials were used in research on the phonetic development of the Polish language in its earliest period. To date, they have rarely appeared in lexical studies. The body of the oldest appellatives, reconstructed on the basis of proper names, would be a kind of lexicon (supplement) enriching and verifying Old Polish lexical material, certified in historical Polish dictionaries (also in etymological dictionaries). In this way, the expectations formulated over 100 years ago by eminent Polish linguists may be fulfilled. The complementary use of such a huge wealth of material opens up further research perspectives towards etymological, dialectological, lexical and morphological research.