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Content available remote Dobrowolność czy obligatoryjność stosowania Polskich Norm
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PL
Podano uwagi krytyczne dotyczące normalizacji w budownictwie, wynikające z własnych doświadczeń uzyskanych podczas udziału w pracach normalizacyjnych związanych z opracowywaniem norm własnych (PN-B), jak i w procesie wprowadzania do zbioru PN norm europejskich (EN) i międzynarodowych (ISO). Omówiono także problemy występujące w procesie praktycznego korzystania z Polskich Norm.
EN
The paper presents some critical remarks concerning the process of standardization in the construction sector. These comments were collected based on the own experience of authors, who take an active part in standardization work related to the development of national standards (PNB) as well as participate in the process of introduction of European (EN) and international (ISO) standards to the set of Polish Standards. The up-to-date problems encountered in the practical use of Polish Standards were also discussed.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono nowe rodzaje wskaźników powierzchniowych, wprowadzone przy nowelizacji normy PN-ISO 9836:1997: Właściwości użytkowe w budownictwie - Określanie i obliczanie wskaźników powierzchniowych i kubaturowych. Zwrócono także uwagę na istotne ograniczenia w sposobie zagospodarowania powierzchni użytkowej.
EN
New types of surface indicators are presented in the articles. The indicators have been introduced with the amendment of the PN-IS0 9836:1997 norm: Performance standards in the building industry - Definition and calculation of area and space indicators. Significant limitations in the method of developing the usable area have also been highlighted.
EN
Purpose: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic, metabolic disease. Long-term therapy often leads to inappropriate calcification of bones. Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is considered a „gold-standard” for bone mineral density (BMD) assessment, but high usage costs can limit its availability. This paper compares two methods for BMD assessment in CF patients: hand radiograms method and densitometry using DXA method. Materials and methods: The study was performed in a group of 26 CF patients (10F, 16M), aged 7-30 years. In all cases, DXA measurements were performed, along with bone mass assessment using DENSY2004 system for digital assessment of hand radiograms. Stepwise binary logistic regression was used to examine the contribution of bone age, BMI, Cole's index and hand radiograms parameters to low BMD expressed as Z-score ≤-1SD. Results: Statistical analysis of the gathered data revealed that hand radiograms method allow for estimation of Z-score below -1SD with accuracy of 84.62% comparing to DXA. Sensitivity and specificity of this estimation in the studied group of CF patients was 86.67% and 81.82%. Conclusions: Hand radiograms method has good accuracy, sensitivity and specificity; therefore, it can be an alternative for DXA in BMD assessment. It can be implemented in chronic diseases affecting BMD like cystic fibrosis.
EN
 Background: The coexistence of cystic fibrosis (CF) and celiac disease (CD) has been reported. To our knowledge there is no study directly comparing the incidence of CD in CF patients to that in the general population at the same time. There is no published data on genetic predisposition to CD in CF patients either. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to assess the genetic predisposition to CD and its incidence in CF patients comparing it to data from the general population. Patients and methods: Two hundred eighty-two CF patients were enrolled in the study. In 230 CF patients the genetic predisposition to CD (the presence of HLA-DQ2/ DQ8) was assessed. In all CF patients, serological screening for CD was conducted. In patients with positive antiendomysial antibodies (EMA) gastroduenoscopy was offered. Intestinal histology was classified according to modified Marsh criteria. The results of serological CD screening in 3235 Polish schoolchildren and HLA-DQ typing in 200 healthy subjects (HS) were used for comparison. Results: Positive EMA was found in 2.84 % of the studied CF patients. The incidence of proven CD was 2.13 %. The incidence of CD as well as positive serological screening were significantly more frequent in the CF group than in the general population. The frequency of CD-related HLA-DQ alleles in CF and HS did not differ. Conclusions: Genetic predisposition to celiac disease in cystic fibrosis patients is similar to that of the general population. However, our results suggest that cystic fibrosis is a risk factor for celiac disease development.
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