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Stanisław Adam Paruch, Efektywność ochrony praw człowieka Rady Europy i Unii Europejskiej, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2019, pp. 483.

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Rezmer-Płotka K.

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nr 2

215-217

PL

Recenzja

EN

Review

2

Ograniczanie praw człowieka podczas kryzysu uchodźczego w Grecji (2014-2019) na podstawie analizy raportów Human Rights Watch

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Rezmer-Płotka K.

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nr 1(1)

53-65

EN

It is assumed that the so-called the refugee crisis began in 2015 with a particularly intense inﬂux of this group to the borders of Europe. One of the countries most aﬀected by the problems related to the phenomenon of an increased inﬂux of refugees was and still is Greece. Due to the crisis, the organizations and institutions responsible for monitoring the respect for the rights and freedoms of individuals began to raise doubts related to issues such as human rights violations or counteracting terrorism. The study used the method of source analysis, which was applied to reports from 2015 to 2020, prepared by one of the most important non-governmental organizations dealing with the protection of human rights in the world, namely Human Rights Watch, which produces annual reports on migration and asylum policy of countries European Union. The reports also include information on issues of discrimination and intolerance as well as on counterterrorism. The aim of the study is to check what actions in the field of limiting human rights have been taken by public administration entities, in relation primarily to refugees, but also citizens in general. The research problem is the violations of human rights in the period 2014-2019 in the surveyed country indicated by Human Rights Watch. The content analysis of the reports focused primarily on the part devoted to Greece, as this country was most aﬀected by the crisis related to the reception of the incoming population from diﬀerent regions of the world, as evidenced by the launch of EU aid for Greece and Italy as the frontline countries. The study used the category of militant democracy, which allows for the theoretical validation of the research and explanation of the activity undertaken by this state in relation to refugees.

3

Restricting the Press and the Neo-Militant Democracy: A Comparative Analysis of Ireland and Great Britain

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Rezmer-Płotka K.

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2022

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tom 75

195-207

PL

Wolność prasy jest jedną z podstawowych gwarancji demokratycznego państwa, a jednocześnie gwarancją praw politycznych. Po 2008 roku, kiedy nastąpił wielki kryzys finansowy, państwa członkowskie Unii Europejskiej zaczęły znacząco ograniczać prawa i wolności obywateli, w tym wolność prasy. Wprowadzone restrykcje są charakterystyczne dla nowej demokracji opancerzonej. Czasami jednak stają się narzędziem w rękach antydemokratów. Celem artykułu jest sprawdzenie, jak i dlaczego na przestrzeni lat, pomiędzy kolejnymi kryzysami, tj. kryzysem finansowym, tzw. kryzysem uchodźczym, pandemią koronawirusa, ograniczano wolność prasy w Irlandii i Wielkiej Brytanii. Są to państwa, w których początkowo nie odczuwano politycznych i społecznych skutków kryzysu gospodarczego, natomiast w późniejszym okresie zaobserwowano szybką regresję. Wykorzystując jakościową analizę treści, opartą na raportach organizacji Reporterzy bez Granic (Reporters without Borders) i Freedom House, badanie to prezentuje, jak i dlaczego zmieniały się ograniczenia wolności prasy. Lokuje struktury polityczne Irlandii i Wielkiej Brytanii pomiędzy typami idealnymi nowej i quasi-demokracji opancerzonej, w zależności od celu ograniczeń.

EN

The freedom of the press is one of the basic guarantees of a democratic state and, at the same time, a guarantee of political rights. After 2008, when the great financial crisis occurred, the Member States of the European Union began to significantly limit the rights and freedoms of citizens, including freedom of the press. The introduced restrictions are characteristic of a neo-militant democracy. However, they sometimes become a tool in the hands of antidemocrats. The aim of the article is to check how and why over the years, between successive crises, i.e., financial crisis, the so-called refugee crisis, the coronavirus pandemic, freedom of the press was restricted in Ireland and Great Britain. These are the countries in which initially the political and social effects of the economic crisis were not felt, but later rapid regression was observed. By using content analysis based on reports from the Reporters without Borders and Freedom House organizations, the study uncovers how and why the restrictions of freedom of the press changed. It locates the political structures of Ireland and Great Britain between the ideal types of neo- and quasi-militant democracy, depending on the goal of the restrictions. The research hypothesis is as follows: The restriction of freedom of the press in Ireland and the United Kingdom after 2008 shows that states are using the media system to pursue their particular interests by introducing solutions characteristic of quasi-militant democracies.