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Vnitřní periferie v České republice jako mechanismus sociální exkluze

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Musil J.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2008

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tom 44

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nr 2

321-348

EN

Peripheral regions are most often described in terms of economic geography. However, this study stresses more the sociological aspects of peripheries, studying not only the causes, but also the social effects of life in peripheral regions. The authors use the term 'inner peripheries' because most of the peripheral regions detected in their analyses are located in the inner parts of the country, mainly along the borders of the administrative regions (kraje). Their approach combines the concept of the life world (espace vecu) as defined by A. Fremont and A. Giddens when describing the social and cultural consequences of living in peripheries, and a modified version of G. Myrdal's theory of cumulative circular causation when trying to explain the origin and growth of peripheries. In the Czech Republic inner peripheries are usually the peripheral zones of metropolitan areas and regional centre areas. In the mid-1990s population numbers stopped declining in some peripheries as a result of suburbanisation processes, but in other peripheries depopulation processes continued. This last category of inner peripheries can be described as the hard core of Czech peripheral regions and in the authors' opinion they warrant the development of specific regional policy measures, stressing the creation of new jobs, the improvement of public transport, greater accessibility of service centres, and co-operation among communities.

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Jak se formovala sociologie bydlení

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Musil J.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2005

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tom 41

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nr 2

207-225

EN

The article attempts to examine the main topics in the sociological study of housing from the end of the Second World War to the 1980s and distinguishes the following five: 1) housing systems and housing policy, 2) the relationship between social stratification and housing differentiation, 3) the relationship between the family and housing, 4) the relationship between housing and neighbourhoods, and 5) housing and architecture as components of culture. During this period the sociological study of housing was strongly influenced by the changes occurring in the housing situation. The post-war housing shortage in Europe and the state's heavy involvement in tackling this problem, along with the rapid rise in the importance of social housing, led to an emphasis on the study of housing systems, housing policy, the methodology of quantitatively measuring housing needs, and the role of the state in the housing sphere, with a heavy stress on the economic dimension of housing issues. A shift to qualitative research on housing, i.e. studying the relationship between the family and housing and the housing needs of the elderly and new families, occurred as the housing shortage declined. Culturally oriented housing research followed, as a response to the search for new identities and for genius loci. As housing has become commodified in Europe and social housing has almost disappeared over the past twenty-five years, there has been revival of the study of the social consequences of narrowly defined economic concepts of housing policy.

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Poznámky o české sociologii za komunistického režimu

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Musil J.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2004

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tom 40

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nr 5

573-595

EN

This article focuses primarily on the period 1948-1968 in Czechoslovakia in order to provide an understanding of the efforts to revive Czech sociology in the 1960s. The author documents how, after a brief post-war revival, Czech sociology was suppressed and abolished at universities and other institutions after the 1948 communist coup. When policy-makers and planners then realised the need for a type of social information not provided by official statistics, a social survey, representing a kind of rudimentary form of empirical sociology, albeit one serving the regime, was created and carried out by state institutions. In 1956 a revisionist version of Marxist sociology emerged, and the change in the political and intellectual climate in the late 1950s enabled the renewal of some empirically oriented branches of sociology. While in the full sense sociology never officially existed as a theoretical, critical and free academic discipline throughout the period of the communist regime, in the sense that 'sociology' is understood as the application of sociological approaches and methods to specific social issues sociological research did exist in a limited form in Czechoslovakia from the end of the 1950s, and in the 1960s began addressing key social issues. At the end of the Prague Spring any hope of renewing sociology ended with it.

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Human cardiovascular system with heat failure under baroreflex control (numerical model)

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Prevorovská S. , Musil J. , Maršik F.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2001

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tom Vol. 3, nr 1

39-52

EN

Numerical simulation of the cardiovascular haemodynamics has become a useful tool of the surgeon who diagnoses cardiovascular diseases and recommends the way of their medical treatment. The numerical model of the cardiovascular system of pulsating type imitating the electrochemical and mechanical activity of heart muscle and being under a short-term baroreflex control has been implemented to diagnose more accurate a patient's haemodynamic profile. This model enables thus the simulation of the haemodynamic reaction due to the baroreflex response at various perturbations in the circulatory system. The haemodynamic behaviour of the cardiovascular system in the cases of the heart failure as a consequence of the left-ventricular hypocontractility, with the usage of the heart support device and the circulatory failure caused by haemorrhagic shock are demonstrated.