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Seed development in Astragalus cemerinus and A. ruscifolius [Fabaceae], and its systematic implications

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Riahi M. , Zarre S.

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica

2009

tom 51

nr 1

111-117

This study focuses on seed development in Astragalus cemerinus and A. ruscifolius, two endemic species of Astragalus in Iran. In both species the ovules are campylotropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Two polar nuclei fuse before fertilization, forming the diploid secondary nucleus. Division of the primary endosperm nucleus gives rise to coenocytic endosperm; however, part of it becomes cellular at the late globular stage. The first division of the zygote is transverse and the embryo proper forms after several divisions of the terminal cell. The mature suspensor consists of a mass of cells equal in size to the globular embryo proper, with several inflated cells towards its base. This massive suspensor seems to be plesiomorphic, as compared with the biseriate suspensor known only in section Incani. Abnormalities in the embryo proper as well as in the suspensor are observed at the globular stage. In both A. cemerinus and A. ruscifolius, fusion of the polar nuclei occurs in the median regions of the central cell and before fertilization occurs, as is the rule in most of the Papilionoideae, but in species of section Incani as in a few other species of the family, the polar nuclei approach the egg apparatus before fertilization and do not fuse until fertilization. The embryological characters of A. cemerinus and A. ruscifolius are compared with those of other species of Astragalus, and the taxonomic application of these characters as well as their phylogenetic significance are discussed.

Fabrication of a 2D thermally tunable reflective grating for measuring a CO2 laser beam profile

100%

Riahi M. , Latifi H.

Optica Applicata

2011

tom Vol. 41, nr 3

735--742

In this article, application of a 2D thermally tunable reflective grating for measuring the beam profile of a CO2 laser is proposed. A 2D grating is first fabricated on a glass substrate by conventional lithography technique. The grooves of the grating are filled with nitrobenzene, the refractive index of which highly depends on temperature. A double side polished silicon wafer is then placed on the grating. If a CO2 laser is incoming from silicon side, a portion of it is transmitted and absorbed in the grating structure. Depending on the beam profile of the CO2 laser, a temperature profile is produced on the grating causing the same profile for efficiency of the grating for a visible light. The changes in the efficiency, cause changes in intensity of dif-fraction orders. By measuring the intensity of the first order of diffraction, the beam profile of the CO2 laser is imaged on a visible CCD camera.