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Teksten in contexten of voorstellingen van kinderen in Jacob Cats’ Houwelyck en de anonieme Der Vroed-vrouwen verre-kyker

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Kozikowska J.

Neerlandica Wratislaviensia

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2011

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tom 20

55-74

EN

In this article I present the problem of the circulation of themes between various discursive practices which involves the topic of the child in the 17th century Dutch culture. I analyse the manner in which these themes were adopted by various authors and afterwards again reinterpreted and used. The discussion of these questions is based on the analysis of two 17th century texts: Moeder from Jacob Cats’s Houwelyck (1625) and Der Vroed-vrouwen Verre-kyker published in 1690 by an anonymous surgeon. Deliberately I chose two texts which at first sight seem completely different. Firstly due to the fact that they concern various domains, secondly because both books can be found in the collections of the Old Prints Department of Wrocław University Library. These collections are the central context of my considerations, in which I intend to situate the analysis of the two selected works. So I present the history of the collection’s beginnings and lots of particular specimens of the abovementioned texts. Then I discuss the two books in question, their structure and forewords in which the authors present their motivation and purpose for writing. I analyse the selected extracts with respect to the problem of so-called ‘wondergeboorten’ [miraculously born] which is present in both texts. In these different books analogous perspectives can be found: both on the appearance of a new family member, a child, and especially on the situation when something goes wrong. Thus both texts present similar themes regarding the figure of the child, which were typical not only for the 17th century Netherlands but also for other European cultures and times.

2

Zabawy kontrolowane, czyli motyw zabawy we wczesnonowożytnej literaturze niderlandzkiej

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Kozikowska J.

Wychowanie w Rodzinie

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2016

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tom XIV

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nr (2/2016)

29-40

EN

The aim of this article is to analyse the motif of play appearing in early modern Dutch literature, from the perspective of the humanistic pedagogical ideas. These were humanist educators, such as Erasmus of Rotterdam and Juan Luis Vives, who started to recognize the pedagogical and educational benefits of game playing. The author discusses a manner in which the humanistic pedagogical ideals are reflected in the domain of the didactic literature, propagating ideal patterns of behavior. The paper addresses the mentioned problem by analyzing the phenomenon of play present in the one of the most popular Dutch didactic treatises Marriage (Houwelyck, 1625) of 17th-century poet and moralist Jacob Cats (1577–1660). It turns out that the motif of play presented in the treatise affects different contexts: educational, pedagogical and moral. Furthermore, the poet evaluates the concept of play by making a distinction between good and bad games. This division serves him as a metaphor of an ideal and non-ideal upbringing and parenthood. The analysis also shows that by recognizing the educational benefits of this form of entertainment, play, unless purposeful and useful, raises moral doubts, what, according to Jacob Cats and the mentioned humanist educators, has constituted its existence in the child’s world. Keywords: children’s games, motif of play, early modern period, Dutch literature, early modern literature, didactic literature, Humanism, Reformation, humanistic pedagogical ideas, Jacob Cats, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Juan Luis Vives, Christiaan Huygens.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza motywu zabawy obecnego we wczesnonowożytnej literaturze niderlandzkiej, z perspektywy humanistycznej myśli pedagogicznej. To właśnie humaniści, jak Erazm z Rotterdamu czy Juan Luis Vives, zaczęli dostrzegać wychowawcze i edukacyjne walory zabawy. Rozważaniom poddano sposób, w jaki humanistyczne idee pedagogiczne znajdują swoje odzwierciedlenie na płaszczyźnie wczesnonowożytnej literatury dydaktycznej, propagującej idealne modele postępowania. W tym celu przeanalizowano fenomen zabawy obecny w jednym z najpoczytniej szych niderlandzkich traktatów dydaktycznych Małżeństwo (Houwelyck, 1625) siedemnastowiecznego poety–moralisty Jacoba Catsa (1577–1660). Okazuje się, że zaprezentowany w traktacie motyw zabawy dotyka różnych kontekstów: edukacyjnego, wychowawczego i moralnego. Sama zabawa została natomiast poddana przez poetę wartościowaniu, poprzez wyróżnienie zabaw dobrych i złych. Podział ten posłużył autorowi jako metafora idealnego i nieidealnego wychowania i rodzicielstwa. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała również, że dzięki wskazaniu walorów edukacyjnych tej formy rozrywki, zabawa, o ile celowa i pożyteczna, przestała budzić wątpliwości moralne, co, według Jacoba Catsa i omawianych humanistów, konstytuowało jej istnienie w świecie dziecka.

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Speelgoed van de slager: slachtdieren en kinderspel in de vroegmoderne Nederlandse literatuur

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Kozikowska J.

Neerlandica Wratislaviensia

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2016

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tom 26

33-65

EN

This article discusses cultural representations of slaughter animals from the early modern period, setting them against the post-modern approach to animals. The point of departure constitutes a contemporary story about a girl eating the heart of a deer, which she has shot. Then the author moves on to a discussion of the poem ‘Kinder-spel’ (1618/1625) by the seventeenth-century Dutch poet Jacob Cats and focuses on the socio-cultural notions of humans and animals which these two texts present. When discussing the poem, the author elaborates on the symbolic meaning of two situations where children play with animal body parts — a game of knucklebones and playing with an inflated bladder. The interpretation of Cats’ text shows that the stereotypical social perceptions of slaughter animals which can be found in the early modern Dutch literature are in fact meant to offer a certain view on humans, by which their domination over the natural world and exploitation of animals is justified. The methodologies applied in this study involve the so-called ‘activist ecocriticism’ and the New Historicism, both being the reading methods, which emphasize the topicality of historical research. By placing Cats’ texts in a broad context, it is shown that the motif of children playing with animal body parts refers to early modern polemics about such issues as the relationship between the human and animal, the tension between culture and nature, as well as children and upbringing models.