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EN
The inherent optical properties (IOPs) of suspended particulate matter and their relations with the main biogeochemical characteristics of particles have been examined in the surface waters of the southern Baltic Sea. The empirical data were gathered at over 300 stations in open Baltic Sea waters as well as in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk. The measurements included IOPs such as the absorption coefficient of particles, absorption coefficient of phytoplankton, scattering and backscattering coefficients of particles, as well as biogeochemical characteristics of suspended matter such as concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM), particulate organic matter (POM), particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll a (Chl a). Our data documented the very extensive variability in the study area of particle concentration measures and IOPs (up to two orders of magnitude). Although most of the particle populations encoun- tered were composed primarily of organic matter (av. POM/SPM=ca 0.8), the different particle concentration ratios suggest that the particle composition varied significantly. The relations between the optical properties and biogeochemical parameters of suspended matter were examined. We found significant variability in the constituent-specific IOPs (coefficients of variation (CVs) of at least 30% to 40%, usually more than 50%). Simple best-fit relations between any given IOP versus any constituent concentration parameter also highlighted the significant statistical errors involved. As a result, we conclude that for southern Baltic samples an easy yet precise quantification of particle IOPs in terms of the concentration of only one of the following parameters – SPM, POM, POC or Chl a – is not achievable. Nevertheless, we present a set of best statistical formulas for a rough estimate of certain seawater constituent concentrations based on relatively easily measurable values of seawater IOPs. These equations can be implemented in practice, but their application will inevitably entail effective statistical errors of estimation of the order of 50% or more.
EN
Every year the prevalence of Autism Spectrum of Disorders (ASD) is rising. Is there a unifying mechanism of various ASD cases at the genetic, molecular, cellular or systems level? The hypothesis advanced in this paper is focused on neural dysfunctions that lead to problems with attention in autistic people. Simulations of attractor neural networks performing cognitive functions help to assess system long-term neurodynamics. The Fuzzy Symbolic Dynamics (FSD) technique is used for the visualization of attractors in the semantic layer of the neural model of reading. Large-scale simulations of brain structures characterized by a high order of complexity requires enormous computational power, especially if biologically motivated neuron models are used to investigate the influence of cellular structure dysfunctions on the network dynamics. Such simulations have to be implemented on computer clusters in a grid-based architectures.
EN
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( JIA ) spans several pediatric arthropathies that involve autoimmune responses. Primary genetic risk factors for JIA have been mapped to Major Histocompatibility Complex ( MHC ) class I and class II genes. Recent genome-wide association studies using SNP arrays have shown that the nonHLA genetic component of JIA involves multiple low-risk loci, reinforcing the notion that JIA is a complex genetic trait with a strong HLA component. In this work, with the goal of detailed mapping and analysis of lin kage disequilibrium ( LD ) patterns and associations with JIA in the extended MHC (x MHC ) region, we combined SNP data from Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0 and Immunochip ( IC ) platforms with high resolution typing of 8 classical HLA genes. A cohort of about 800 affected individuals and about 500 ethnically matched controls from the Cincinnati region, as well as secondary validation cohorts of affected individuals and matched controls from Germany were used to perform the an alysis, and to assess reproducibility of the results across different platforms and p opulations. Accurate high resolution maps of linkage with classical HLA genes and association with individual HLA alleles were generated. High concordance of results obtained using Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0 and IC was observed, with an additional resolution and improved mapping of associat ions provided by the latter in some regions. Several new peaks of statistically signific ant and reproducible association with JIA outside the regions of strong LD with classical HLA genes were observed, including one peak in the class III region, and one in the telomeric end of x MHC . Conditional analysis provided further evidence that these associations appear t o be independent of classical HLA genes studied here. The results and observed association patterns ar e further discussed in the context of other recent studies on autoimmune diseases, includin g the role of HLA DRB 1 in adult Rheumatoid Arthritis.
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