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Natural Knowledge - Science - Religion and the Debate between Metaphysical Monism and Pluralism

100%

Lenartowicz P.

tom 14

nr 1

69-84

The modern concept of science is rooted in a metaphysical option of materialist monism. The religious beliefs are inevitably founded on the pluralist concept of reality. Hence, the conflict is inevitable. Monism blames religion for producing illusions, while religion accuses the sciences of being epistemologically self-mutilated by their intrinsic reductionism. There exists a third realm of cognition, namely the growing bulk of knowledge. It is relatively independent of temporary fluctuations of "scientific standards" and "scientific methodologies". It is also independent of the religious beliefs founded on some extraordinary, miraculous, "supranatural" events. The knowledge (a sufficiently accurate orientation in the real world) is present both in the highly civilized communities and in the so called "primitive" illiterate populations. Technical achievements confirm the essential accuracy of the knowledge and, at the same time, give some support to the foundations of teleological concepts and consequently to many of religious beliefs.

Review: "Zycie a orientacja w rzeczywistosci przyrodniczej," by Jolanta Koszteyn

100%

Lenartowicz P.

2006

tom 11

304-305

The article reviews the book Życie a orientacja w rzeczywistości przyrodniczej [Life and Orientation in Natural Reality], by Jolanta Koszteyn.

Integration of Biological Dynamic and 'Phylogenetic Trees' of Living Beeings

63%

Koszteyn J. , Lenartowicz P.

tom 9

nr 2

59-72

Since Darwin, a genetic continuity of morphological and behavioral traits between all living beings has been taken for granted. This paper describes eight irreducible classes of descriptive traits on the basis of the presence or absence of (a) repetitivity, (b) correlation with natural environment properties and (c) inner integration. It is argued that some of these classes should neither be used in taxonomy nor in phylogenetic reconstructions. The remaining classes imply an inner dynamic indivisibility on the one hand, and an evident relation to the concept of the reaction norm on the other. These implications, in turn, may lead to the recognition of much broader „natural species” units which embrace forms usually grouped within a genus or family. Morphological and behavioral gaps between such „natural species” have to be considered in relation to the rather mysterious developmental, integrative and adaptive potential of a particular natural species. Paleontological data seem to confirm the existence of such gaps. This introduces a serious objection to the theory of common descent and to the cognitive utility of the macro- and megaevolutionary „phylogenetic trees.”