Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Historia Wydziału Konserwacji warszawskiej Akademii Sztuk Pięknych

100%

Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1997

|

nr 3

193-194

EN

The history of the Department of the Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art at the Academy of Fine Arts dates back to the establishment on 4 September 1947 of a Study for the Conservation of Monuments of Painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. The initiator and greatest adherent of this undertaking was Michał Walicki, historian of art and lecturer at the Academy from 1931. The Study was supervised directly by the Rector of the Academy, and contained two Chairs dealing with the Conservation of Painting and Painting Techniques. The head of the latter and the Study as a whole was prof. Edward Kokoszko, and the head of the Chair for the Conservation of Painting was prof. Bohdan Marconi. Both professors had at their disposal extensive knowledge and considerable conservation experience. Already in 1936, prof. Kokoszko acted as the organiser and head of one of the first Polish workshops for painting techniques and conservation, which was set up in the Warsaw-based Municipal School of the Decorative Arts and Painting, while prof. Marconi, prior to his work in the Academy of Fine Arts, directed a Conservation Workshop in the National Museum and a State Workshop for the Conservation of Painting, located in the building of the Zachęta Gallery, and conducted by the Main Management of Museums and the Protection of Historical Monuments, which conserved i.a. the Battle o f Grunwald by Jan Matejko. In 1950, the two higher art schools in Warsaw — the Academy of Fine Arts and the State Higher School of Fine Arts — became merged into an Academy of Plastic Arts (a name retained until 1957). The new academy established nine departments, including the Department of Conservation, the outcome of the expansion of the heretofore Study which now gained new specializations. The Dean of the Department was prof. Edward Kokoszko, and after his resignation in January 1951, the post was entrusted to prof. Bohdan Marconi. The Department of Conservation was composed of five specializations: conservation of painting (prof. Bohdan Marconi), conservation of decorative arts (prof. Jozef Grein), conservation of sculpture (assistant prof. Jan Ślusarczyk), conservation of graphic arts (prof. Bonawentura Lenart) and the conservation of murals (assistant prof. Karol Dąbrowski). Furthermore, the Department held courses and lectures on the history of art, the history and theory of conservation, hand-drawn perspective, technology, physics and chemistry, drawing, painting and sculpture. Unfortunately, in 1952, the development of conservation studies at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts was halted for many years. First the department was transformed once again into a Study, and then in 1964 — into a Chair for Conservation within the Department of Painting. This last event coincided with the retirement of prof. Marconi, who exerted an essential impact on the heretofore image of conservation in the Warsaw Academy. The Department of the Conservation of Works of Art was reactivated as late as 1972, and its Dean was docent Juliusz Bursze. The Department embarked upon the creation of new chairs, institutes and workshops as well as work on new curricula. The need to increase the number of staff members proved to be particularly urgent. The attainment of a complete form by the Department was favoured by a move to an historical building in 37 Wybrzeże Kościuszkowskie, regained by the Academy in 1975. The building was originally erected in 1914 for the needs of the School of Fine Arts thanks to funds provided by the Kierbedź family and according to a design by the architect Alfons Gravier. During the inter-war period, it was the seat of the Academy of Fine Arts. The first to be moved to the retrieved building was the conservation of painting and polychromy sculpture, and then the remaining workshops of the Department. The move took place during the term of office of the new Dean, Adam Roman. In the 1976/1977 academic year, the Department of the Conservation of Works of Art included already four chairs and one institute. The Chair for the Conservation of Painting and Polychromy Sculpture was headed by Juliusz Bursze, the Chair for the Conservation of Old Prints and Graphic Art — by Tadeusz Tuszewski, and the Chair for the Conservation of Sculpture and Architectonic-Sculpted Elements — by Adam Roman. The three conservation chairs were accompanied by the Chair for General Art Training headed by Stefan Damski. The whole structure was supplemented by the Institute of Chemistry, Physics and Special Photography, directed by Daniel Tworek. The post of Dean was held successively by Juliusz Bursze, Piotr Rudniewski, Jerzy Nowosielski, Wojciech Kurpik and, at present, Andrzej Koss. In 1981, the further expansion of the Department led to the establishment of a Chair for the Conservation and Techniques and Technology of Murals, and in 1992 — the Chair for the Conservation and Restoration of Historical Fabrics. In 1988, the Department introduced a six year-long course of studies. Up to the end of 1996, conservation studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw were completed by 445 students. The Department enjoyed a well-grounded position among other departments of the Academy, and two of its professors had the honour to fulfil the function of Rector: prof. Juliusz Bursze in 1982-1984, and prof. dr. Wojciech Kurpik (at present). The Department of the Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw also occupies a permanent place among similar centres in Poland and abroad.

2

PROBLEMATYKA OCHRONY ZBIORÓW Z XIX I XX W. O PODŁOŻU Z PAPIERU

100%

Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2008

|

nr 3

65-74

EN

The nineteenth century witnessed profound transformations in the technology of paper production; consequently, paper lost its age-resistance and books, periodicals and documents from that period onwards represent, as a rule, an unsatisfactory state. A mass–scale deacidification - the only known way of limiting losses in collections from the two centuries - was inaugurated in Poland thanks to the Government 'Acid paper' Programme, realized in 2000-2008. Books and other prints are treated with the Bookkeeper method applied at the National Library in Warsaw and the Jagiellonian Library in Krakow, while sheet documents are treated with the Neschen method in the two above-mentioned libraries and in four archives: in Warsaw, Katowice, Gdynia and Milanówek near Warsaw. Furthermore, statistical research conducted as part of the programme established that in Poland at least 43 mln books and 200 kms of acts must be deacidified, which, on a national's calve, comprises about 94% of library and archive resources from the last two centuries. The optimistic aspect of the issue lies in the fact that the publication of books with non-acid paper was inaugurated in Poland at the end of the last century; this means that the number of library resources threatened with acid hydrolysis is not growing. The article also analyses studies relating to the state of preservation of nineteenth and twentieth-century collections with a paper base.

3

"Dauerhaftigkeit von Papier", Frankfurt am Main 1980 : [recenzja]

100%

Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1983

|

nr 1-2

151-152

4

KONSERWATORSKIE BIELENIE PAPIERU

100%

Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1999

|

nr 2

153-162

EN

An attempted summary of the state of knowledge concerning the conservation bleaching of old paper. The author perceives bleaching as a sui generis compromise between a wish to improve the aesthetic appearance of an object and the necessity of avoiding unfavourable changes, and places emphasis on the latter. Bleaching with the application of oxidation measures not only eliminates undesirable spots or lightens the entire leaf, but also produces numerous visible and invisible changes, always highly unfavourable for the given object. In turn, the usage of reducing agents avoids such alterations, but achieves only a slight bleaching effect. The article discusses in detail the employment of chloramine T and unambiguously oxidising agents: hypochlorites, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium permanganate, used by conservation workshops. The author presents proof of the greater harmfulness of the latter three agents in comparison with chloramine T. Alongside oxidation bleaching, the article considers also borohydrides as reducing agents. Their greatest conservation merit lies in the fact that they are capable of reverting, within certain limits, changes caused in the paper by natural aging as well as those generated by chloramine T. The lightening of the base obtained in this manner is, however, inconsiderable.

5

Bielenie papierów zabytkowych Chloraminą T

100%

Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1983

|

nr 3-4

219-223

EN

Basing on own studies a comparison has been made between the effect of bleaching base paper with chloraminę T in room temperature, in higher temperature (50°C) in methanol — water solution (1:1) with acetic acid (5 g/1) and citric acid (0.25 and 5 g/1) added. Changes in test paper (Whatman 3 paper) were studied, caused by the action of the above mentioned variants in the conditions ensuring the attainment of a similar effect of brightening. After treatments, the samples were subjected to an artificial ageing by their exposure to a quartz lamp and heating in temperature of 105°C. The evaluation of changes in properties of test paper has been made by an examination of whiteness, pH of water extract, copper no, breaking load, self-breaking and number of douhle bending. The following statements have been made in conclusion: 1. Changes in the paper base caused by solutions of chloraminę T in room temperature should be regarded as insignificant 2. Bleaching with solutions of chloraminę T in higher temperature seems to be the best form of accelerating the proces of paper bleaching 3. Bleaching with chloraminę T in acid medium may be employed only in exceptional cases and only when working with a strong base paper. Acetic acid seems to be better than citric acid as an acidifier 4. Alcohol — water solutions of chloraminę T have been found very useful in paper bleaching. Although the bleaching is then slower, still there is no bigger destructive effect on textiles.

6

Kleje stosowane do renowacji papieru

100%

Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1997

|

nr 3

300-307

EN

The article contains a review of glues presently applied in workshops dealing with the conservation of objects with paper bases. The author discusses assorted properties, merits and faults; he also indicates the most important usage of particular glue substances. Considerable attention is devoted to natural glues, traditionally employed in work with paper, such as paste, and gluten glues: gelatin and leather glue, as well as parchment glue and others. The article mentions preparation for work, as well as the properties and application of cellulose derivatives: methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyllocellulose, and cellulose acetate. The article also lists synthetic glues.

7

Atramenty żelazowo-galusowe

100%

Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1996

|

nr 3

281-291

EN

The article presents the current state of knowledge about ferric-gallotanic inks, found on manuscripts which are at the moment treated in assorted conservatory workshop. The author discusses the ways of obtaining such types of ink and draws particular attention to dependence between the state of the manuscripts and the composition of the ink. The article examines research aiming at the establishment of the construction of the black pigment in the inks in question as well as the reasons why with time it changes and often resembles rust. The main cause of the unsatisfactory state of a considerable of the manuscripts is the appearance of changes known as ink penetration. Some of the authors connect this phenomenon with the excessive contents of iron in the ink. The study presents a method, introducted in Vienna, for removing this excess by treating the manuscripts with water. The author also deals with problems connected with the de-acidification of the manuscripts and the ways of deciphering faded texts. The study has been supplemented with select recipes were used in the past for making ink.

8

Uwagi o atramencie żelazowo-galusowym

100%

Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1982

|

nr 1-2

113

9

Odkwaszanie papierów zabytkowych

100%

Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2001

|

nr 1

63-73

EN

The exceptional harmfulness of acid substances is the reason why deacidification should be perceived as the most important operation performed in the course of the conservation of historical objects with a paper base. The presented article is a review of the current state of knowledge on the subject.Theauthor discussesthe reasons for the deacidification of library and archival material and the assessment of the degree of their acidity by pH measurements using harmless methods.The reader is offered a presentation of the concept of the alkali reserve and its significance for the improvement of the durability of paper. A pH oscillating from 8 to 8,5, obtained in the course of the deacidification of old papers, is regarded as a minimum level to be sought during this operation.Empha sis is placed on the significance of rinsing in water and the importance of the carbonates of alkaline earths obtained in the paper as a result o deacidification.The author considers the most essential deacidification substances: calcium hydroxide, magnesium bicarbonate and barium hydroxide.A ttention is drawn to problems accompanying the treatment of manuscripts, water colours and pastels.Arti cle was written upon the basis of lectures and courses conducted by the author for students specialising in the conservation and restoration of old prints and graphic works in the Department of the Restoration and Conservation of Works of Art at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw.

10

Badania nad zastosowaniem borowodorku sodu w konserwacji papieru

100%

Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1993

|

nr 2

173-178

EN

Paper dating from 1856 was bleached by means of three different methods, with sodium boronhydride, chloraminę T with sodium tiosulphate and chloraminę T with sodium boronhydride as anti-bleaches. After the bleaching, the paper was deacidified with a solution of Са(ОН)г and structurally reinforced with methylocellulose. Accelerated ageing 105°C for 24 nights and days) enabled to examine: the degree of whiteness, yellowness, pH of the water extract, tearing load and the number of double folds. It was found that the sodium bronhydride has a positive impact on the durability of the paper. The sodium bornohydride also proved to be a better anti-bleach than the sodium tiosulphate after chloraminę bleaching. On the other hand, the small growth of whiteness obtained in the course of research questions the purposefulness of using sodium boronhydride as well as probably other derivatives as bleaches. Fig. 1. Alterations of the whiteness of paper during ageing in 105°C A — unbleached В — bleached with NaBH^ С — bleached with + Na2 S2 O3 D — bleached with + NaBH^ Fig. 2. Alterations of load which tears paper during ageing in 105°C Fig. 3. Alterations of the number of double folds during ageing in 105°C

11

Bibułki japońskie

63%

Rudniewski P. , Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1990

|

nr 2

92-95

EN

In the article, a characterization is made of fifteen Japanese tissue papers offered by two firms from the Fed. Rep. of Germany: "Oskar Vangerow" from Munich and "Japico Drissler Feinpapiere” from Frankfurt-am-Main. The characterization is based on the author's own studies, carried out in the Chemistry Institute at the Department of Preservation of Works of Art, the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. In the course of these, the durability of the papers was evaluated through the 'omparison of their whiteness, self-rupture and the number of double bends before and after artificial aging. The durable tissue papers, recommended for preservation work on the most valuable objects with a paper base, are from: Kashmir, Tengujo, Tengujo- Kashmir, Mino-Tengujo, Bib. Tengujo and Gampi. The remaining tissue papers are characterized by excessive acidity and some even by considerable loss of resistance to bending during aging, for which reasons they are not recommended for preservation purposes.

12

Wybrane problemy chemiczne przy konserwacji staro-cerkiewno-słowiańskiego rękopisu "Apostoł"

63%

Damięcka J. , Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1980

|

nr 3

245-248

EN

The Apostle manuscript, which is a Greek-Catholic liturgical book used in sacramental liturgy o f Eastern Church, dates back most probably to the early 17th century. Its author is Lucas of Antochia and the likely creator (the copist) is Lukian Zolotarenko. The manuscript delivered to the conservation studio was in a very bad condition. The first pages were missing and the remaining preserved ones were not complete and showed signs o f damp patches, wax stains and were very dirty. There were 261 o f them altogether. The text was done mainly in iron-gallic ink. Red ink and red pigment, in which vermillion had been identified were also employed. Both ink and pigment were shown not to be water-proof. This excluded the possibility o f using water baths. The article gives a brief description o f conservation procedure employing the so-called wet technique: — tawny damp patches were removed with 1 per cent solution o f chloraminę T in 45 per cent o f ethyl alcohol, •— vestigial quantities o f active chlorine after chloraminę bath were neutralized with 0.5 per cent sodium tiosulphate and also in 45 per cent ethanol, — disacidification was done with barum hydroxide (1.25 g/1) in alcohol solution, —■ the wax was first removed mechanically and the blotches remaining on the paper were eliminated by means o f talc compresses saturated with the mixture of benzine and methanol (1 :), — structural strengthening of the leaves was made vdth 2 per cent solution o f gellatine, and also in 45 per cent ethyl alcohol.

13

Dogarbowywanie i natłuszczanie skórzanych opraw książek

51%

Straus H. , Rosa H. , Sobucki W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1998

|

nr 4

386-395

EN

The article contains a survey of the state of knowledge about the additional tanning and currying of old leather, with particular attention paid to book bindings; both operations are regarded as the most important in the entire process of conservation. The authors present a lucid classification of plant tanning agents and their role in leather dressing as well as a characteristic of tanning extracts. Further topics include moellens used for dressing old leather and a number of recipes for the production of assorted mixtures. Finally, the authors describe in detail the principles of the additional tanning of leather book bindings and dressing with emulsions and solvents.

14

Rękopiśmienne skarby Biblioteki Narodowej : badania technologiczne

51%

Sobucki W. , Jarmińska D. , Rams D.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1998

|

nr 2

133-146

EN

T h e con se rv a tion o f e igh t o f the m o st valuable p archment manuscripts in the c o lle c tio n o f the N a tio n a l Library in Warsaw w as con d u c ted in 1 9 9 3 - 1 9 9 8 . T h ey included: Testam en tum N o v um (turn o f the eigh th century), the Supraśl Cod ex (eleventh century), the Tyniec Sacramentary (eleventh century), the W ilan ow Psalter (thirteenth century), C a len d a rium Parisiense (fou r te en th c entury), the Floriański Psalter (fifte enth century), the Du tch P ra y e r -b o ok (fifte en th c en tu ry) and the Missal o f Erazm C io łek (six te en th century). T h e con se rv a tion programme en com p a ssed a lso funda- mental technological studies into the manuscripts in q u e stion , d e sc r ib in g the origin and preparation o f the parchm en ts as w e ll as th e state o f the p r eservation o f the ink. Consid e rab le a tten tion w a s paid to p ainted d e co ra tion . T h e authors id en tified basic p igm ents and analysed the te ch n o lo g y o f g ild ing . C h em ica l analysis con c e rn ed ch em ica l chan g e s in the p a in tin g layers ex e cu ted w ith w h ite lead, m inium , o rp im en t and silver. T h e article d iscusses the o u tc om e o f the stud ie s and p r o p o se s the ir d etailed p resentation.