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EN
The aim of the paper is to present the origin and development of the first speculative bubble that took place in the seventeenth century in Holland, called Tulipmania. On the basis of available literature it was possible to find out, that the main reason of that scandal was not the craze of the people, but lack of properly developed law, which at that time was not compatible with both capital markets development and the financial innovations.
EN
Purpose: The aim of the article is to estimate the impact of the EU Allowances price increase on the financial results and return on investment in the portfolio of shares of four listed power companies, i.e., Enea S.A., Energa S.A., PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna S.A., and TAURON Polska Energia S.A. Design/methodology/approach: Financial analysis of energy groups. Statistical analysis, a linear regression model with 6 independent variables and the dependent variable, i.e., the return on investment in the portfolio of shares of the analyzed companies. The studies cover the years 2016-2021. Findings: The results of the financial analysis show that the analyzed energy groups did not always could include increased operating costs in the price of energy sold in 2016-2021? The linear regression analysis did not indicate that the decrease in the profitability of investments in the shares of the surveyed companies can be explained by the increase in the prices of EU Allowances. Research limitation/implications: The inability to determine the unequivocal impact of the EU Allowances price increase on the financial results and share prices of the considered companies can be explained by the number of operating segments in the energy groups, the outbreak of the COVID pandemic and negative GDP in 2020, and the "upward rebound" of the economy after the pandemic and high GDP in 2021. Practical implications: The analysis is useful for shareholders of electricity companies and politicians who create regulations concerning the Polish energy policy. The results of the study are useful to all stakeholders of electricity companies. Social influence: The high costs of EU Allowances affect electricity prices for the Polish society and prove very high CO2 emissions when producing electricity in Poland. Originality/value: The conducted financial analysis and regression analysis are one of the first attempts to indicate the impact of the increase in the cost of CO2 emission allowances on the financial results and share prices of Polish energy companies. The article contributes to reducing the research gap existing in Polish literature in this area.
EN
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present part of a report on stakeholder analysis (indicating the importance of stakeholder identification and prioritisation) in projects implemented by sustainability-oriented teams. Design/methodology/approach: The results were obtained based on a focus group interview with forty-eight participants - representtatives of different organisations, experienced in project management and possessing expertise on the tourism industry in Pomerania. The study was carried out in Gdańsk, from May to September 2021. Findings: The results of the study showed that an effective policy regarding sustainable development measures should be based on intensive stakeholder outreach. The determinant of this effectiveness is to entail proper and comprehensive stakeholder identification, which can play a key role in the success of any investment. Research limitations/implications: The purpose of the marketing research on stakeholder identification and mapping is to provide insights on the public opinion in this regard. In the course of the study, some limitations were recognised. Firstly, the sampling techniques involving audience generation and data filtering, such as data collection from only those persons who had participated in a focus survey, certainly resulted in a bias in the type of the data collected. Secondly, the study, due to the outbreak of the pandemic, was limited to 2021 only, and despite the implementation of selected projects in five countries in the South Baltic region, it was conducted in Poland exclusively, due to limited travel possibilities. Practical implications: The research was commissioned by a real project team and concerned the operating environment of the tourism enterprises in the Pomerania region. The survey results were applied in practice and served as a project implementation indicator. Social implications: The research topic of stakeholder identification as a component of sustainable development policy undoubtedly has impact on the society. This is because it leads to the promotion of an approach that takes the balance between the actions undertaken for the environment and the local community as well as corporate profit generation into account. Originality/value: It is the first study of this kind (on the Polish market at the least), examining the sustainable development approach in international projects, in the context of stakeholder outreach.
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