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Content available remote Phase Transitions Induced in HoCo_{3}Ni_{2} Single Crystals
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EN
The magnetic studies of temperature and field induced phase transitions were performed on single crystals of HoCo_{3}Ni_{2} compound. The rotational-type spin reorientation was found between T_{SR1} = 160 K and T_{SR2} = 200 K. In the vicinity of T_{SR1} two different field induced transitions were observed: the first order moment reorientation type transition in the basal plane and the spin reorientation from the easy plane to the c-axis with simultaneous increase in spontaneous magnetization. The intersublattice molecular field coefficient as well as the magnetization anisotropy of Ho sublattice were determined. The observed magnetic behaviour was analysed within the framework of the spin-reorientation model, taking into account the change of the intrinsic states of rare-earth ions caused by their huge anisotropy energy. The thermal variation of the anisotropy constants of the studied compound is also presented.
EN
The article discusses issues related to bioethanol production in Poland in terms of the requirements of the EU. Also this paper presents models of research and decision-making model on the basis of which were completed survey among companies producing bioethanol, and the model recommended for the future. For the presented examples of companies producing bioethanol of 1.generation it should be made in the context of technical and technological change and environmental issues. Plants producing bioethanol of 1st generation must increase the reduction of CO2 emissions by at least 50% since 2017. Chances of achieving these parameters are betting 1-phase production of bioethanol, while reduction of CO2 emissions in the 2-phase plant are too low, below the required threshold of 50% .
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