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EN
It has been shown that, in addition to the mechanisms of the immune system, other systems as well are involved in the suppression of viral infections in macroorganisms. These systems include cell structures, such as RNA granules, i.e. stress granules (SG) and processing bodies (PB), which fight infections by protecting cellular mRNA. Their action consists in creating conditions favourable for the genetic material of the cell by placing it inside the RNA granule and stopping the biosynthesis of proteins.
EN
This paper describes a model of cell death, called autophagy, one among other typical and atypical processes of cell death. This phenomenon is present in the organism, from conception until death, and is conditioned by many genes of ATG family, or mTOR kinase and specific proteins, like BNIP3. This process plays a very important role not only in physiological functions of the organism but also in pathological, such as Alzheimer or Huntington disease, as well as diseases caused by viruses.
EN
Recent studies have shown the increasing interest of F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) genotyping to identify major sources of faecal contamination in waters. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence and relevance of FRNAPH genotyping in lake water. A comparison between the levels of all FRNAPH and each genogroup and that of the standard indicators of faecal pollution (total coliforms – TC and faecal (thermotolerant) coliforms – FC) was performed. Two faecal indicators were detected in lake water: total coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC). The standardized method was used to quantify these indicators and bacterial concentrations were expressed in the most probable number per 100 ml of water (MPN/10 ml). FRNAPH were determined by the single agar layer (SAL) method using the host strain Escherichia coli Famp (ATCC 700891) in accordance with U.S. EPA Methods 1602. To distinguished between RNA and DNA phages, each FRNAPH isolate was subjected to RNAse sensitivity. All FRNAPH isolates were subjected to the four SYBR Green-based real time PCRs to determine genogroups.
EN
Parasite diseases constitute a tremendous danger for human life all over the world, hence there is an urgent need for the recognition of the defense mechanisms of our body against these protozoan pathogens. The aim of this review has been to present the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as constituents of innate immunity engaged in the fight against parasites, mainly protozoan, that are the cause of illness among people and animals. This review also shows the means by which the protozoan can control the immunological response to extend their survival inside the host.
EN
 Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) belongs to the family Caliciviridae and is the etiological agent of the haemorrhagic disease, also known as rabbit plague. Its genome is a linear single-stranded (ss) RNA of 7437 nucleotides and the capsid is built from a single structural protein VP60. In connection with the discovery of new RHDV strains, there is a constant need to investigate the genetic variation of this virus and perform phylogenetic analyses which may show the evolutionary relationships among the RHDV strains. Studies on the divergence of RHDV have shown that it is genetically quite stable, although recent observations indicate that some new RHDV strains, significantly different from the original RHDV subtype and the new RHDVa subtype, are appearing. These latest findings suggest that a new group of RHDV strains has evolved. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the genetic variation and the latest achievements in phylogenetic analyses of RHDV strains isolated in various countries.
EN
The bactericidal titre against Escherichia coli was deter- minned in sera of eighty male Lowland-black-and-white calves, 9—10 weeks old, 80—90 kg of body weight in four experimental groups, 20 animals of each. The animals were kept in a litter calf shed (group I), grate calf shed of the Bisprol type (group II), pasture (group III) or in an adapted grate calf shed (group IV). In each group two subgroups were formed: A — calves from individual farms and В — from state farms. The highest bactericidal titres were found in sera of calves from the subgroup В groups IV, III and I, the lowest in sera of animals from the subgroups A and В group II a and the subgroup A of the group III. The test is very useful to evaluate the effects of environmental conditions on animals. Due to its simplicity it can be used in a field veterinary practice.
EN
The aim of the study was to monitor alterations in selected indices of innate immunity (the phagocytic index and percent of phagocytes) and acquired immunity (numbers of lymphocytes T and their Th and Tc/Ts subpopulations) in 60 rabbits experimentally infected with haemagglutinogenic Czech strain CAMP V-351 and non-haemagglutinating Polish BLA. The haemagglutinogenic Czech strain CAMP V-351 is active only in select indices of innate immunity, whereas non-haemagglutinating Polish strain BLA is reactive in the parameters of acquired immunity. Therefore, the obtained results permit the conclusion that the examined strains are not only serologically different but they also induce distinct patterns of immune responses, which provides evidence of immunotypes among this virus.
EN
Research on Toll-like receptors (TLR), an important receptor family in immunology, has recently been extended to research connected with animals, such as ruminates (sheep and cattle), swine, dogs, cats and poultry. In ruminates TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 have been demonstrated; in swine, TLR2, 4, 6 and 9; in dogs,TLR2, 4 and 9; in cats TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9; whereas in poultry TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10 have been noted. On the basis of the homology between TLR in animals and in human and mice and the role and place of occurrence it has been proved that TLR plays a very important role in animals, similar to that in humans and mice.
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