Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Film badawczy jako metoda i technika odtwarzania rzeczywistosci

100%

Orzechowski J.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

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1992

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tom 404

223-232

EN

We have entered into the second generation of science and technology. Therefore, we increasingly value the undertaking of the research that is both ethical and beneficial to manking. This research should be characterized by wide programs, depth of investigation, dedication, imagination, and great responsibility. Therefore, complex research equipment used, among others, to register reality in all of its variety of occurring processes and phenomena becomes increasingly important. Accordingly, film techniques registering and recreating reality carry more and more weight. Today we can even create computer images, based on coded film images. The development of video techniques for research and documentation has been notable in the last years. In Poland these techniques are not yet adequately developed and are not commensurate to existing needs. Poland lacks modern equipment, and Polish research facilities do not seem to be interested in this field. The Research Film Team (Zespół Filmu Badawczego), founded in 1970 as part of the Agricultural Technology Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Komitet Techniki Rolniczej PAN), conducts research, organizes symposia, and publishes its own articles. Some of the achievements of the members of the Team warrant recognition for their scientific breakthroughs. In order to widen existing research it was useful to create within the Polish Academy of Sciences an interdepartamantal Research Film Center. The main focus is research work, but also its documentation, and creation of development and educational films. New image recording and processing techniques, using modern achievements of electronics and electromagnetics shoud be gradually introduced.

2

COGNITIVE BASIS OF ANALOGICAL REASONING: VERIFICATION OF THE NONLINEAR AND PARALLEL MODEL OF REASONING

100%

Orzechowski J.

Psychological Studies

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2004

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tom 42

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nr 4

95-106

EN

Robert Sternberg's model of analogical reasoning assumes the sequential nature of cognitive components underlying analogy solution. Also, it does not take into account the individual parameters of working memory and attention which seem to influence both the process of analogical reasoning. Trying to avoid these faults, a non-linear and parallel model of analogical reasoning was outlined, which included two formal parameters of the cognitive system's functioning: (1) parallel versus sequential organization of information processing and (2) linear versus non-linear allocation of attentional resources. Obtained results showed that efficiency of analogical reasoning is related to capacity of working memory and amount of attentional resources, and associated with organization of information processing. Allocation of mental resources is non-linear, i.e. dynamically changing with the task demands and is strictly linked to specificity of analogical reasoning components: encoding is rather data-limited whereas inference and mapping are resources-limited processes. The results appear to corroborate a compensational role of organization of information processing in relation to selective attention and working memory functioning

3

Wykorzystanie i efektywność filmu badawczego w naukach rolniczych

100%

Orzechowski J.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

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1971

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tom 128

4

Kolejny etap rozwoju filmu badawczego

100%

Orzechowski J.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

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1981

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tom 237

5

Film badawczy metodą odtwarzania rzeczywistości

100%

Orzechowski J.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

|

1989

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tom 365

RU

Рассматриваются разные проблемы воспроизводства действительности с использованием современных возможностей связанных с использованием кинокамеры и специальных техник фильмования. Кинотехники не могут быть заменены какой либо другой аппаратурой во многих наблюдениях и измерениях. В статье описываются некоторые методы киносъемок и кинотехники с учетом компьютерных техник обработки фильмовых изображений и анализа содержания фильмограмм. Исследовательский фильм является таким образом специальным источником информаций. Его признаками являются высокая неопределенность и случайность, а сверх того он представляет собой не только инструмент исследователя но и метод и путь продления сенсомоторной познавательной представительности. Описываются также две новые техники расширения пределов воспроизводства процессов и явлений. В заключительной части приводится исторический обзор образования и деятельности коллектива по исследовательскому фильму при V Отделении Польской Академии Наук, в начале как самостоятельной группы, а затем в рамках комитета агрофизики и актуального комитета сельскохозяйственной техники. В конце ста' тьи обсуждается желаемое будущее в развитии коллектива как межведомственной единицы ПАН и дается введение в содержание V-ro Симпозиума по исследовательскому фильму в Кракове в 1984 г.

EN

Various problems of reproduction of the reality while making use of the newest possibilities owing to film camera and special film techniques are discussed in the paper. Film techniques cannot be substituted in many observations and measurements by other instruments. Some methods and film techniques are presented while drawing attention to computer techniques in transformation of film pictures and in analyses of the content of filmograms. Thus the research film is a special information source. It is characterized by a high undefinablemess, infinity and fortuitousness; moreover, it is not only an instrument of the researcher,but also method as well as elongation way of sens motorical cognitive representation. Also two new techniqies of widening thb reproduction range of processes and phenomena are presented. In the final part of the paper history of calling into being and activities of the Working Group for Research Film at the Department 5 of the Polish Academy of Sciences, initially as an independent unit, later on within the framework of the Committee of Agrophysics and at present of the Committee of Agricultural Techniques, is outlined. The conclusion concerns an expected future in the development of the Working Group as an interdisciplinal unit of the Polish Academy of Sciences and consideration on the problematics of the 5th symposium for Research Film - Cracow ' 84.

6

Rola i wykorzystanie filmu w badaniach naukowych rolniczych i leśnych

100%

Orzechowski J.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

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1977

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tom 188

7

Film badawczy na tle rozwoju nauk

100%

Orzechowski J.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

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1986

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nr 296

8

Niektóre aspekty filmu naukowo-badawczego

75%

Orzechowski J.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

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1973

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tom 148

9

Eksploatacja ciągników i maszyn rolniczych na terenach falistych

63%

Orzechowski J. , Laskowski J.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

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1973

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tom 151

10

STRUCTURAL AND PROCESSUAL ASPECTS OF WORKING MEMORY: VERIFICATION OF SOME OF THE PREDICTIONS FORM BADDELEY'S AND COWAN'S MODELS.

63%

Orzechowski J. , Balas R.

Psychological Studies

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2006

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tom 44

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nr 4

41-54

EN

The aim of presented studies was to determine which of the two alternative models of working memory (Baddeley's multiple-system model vs Cowan's single-system model) explains performance in various types of memory search task better. In two experiments the authors deal with the peculiar issue of working memory structure and possible role of activation mechanism in searching working memory contents. Both of them applied modified Sternberg's task in which after memorizing a sequence of elements participants had to judge whether the probe element was, or was not, present in the sequence. In Experiment I participants had to memorize stimuli in either one (verbal or visual) or multiple (verbal and visual) modality. In Experiment II subliminal visual priming was used to manipulate the activation of working memory content.The results of Experiment I suggest single-system coding of stimuli in working memory, whereas Experiment II results support the notion of activation as a working memory search mechanism.

11

Formy i metody wdrażania i upowszechniania wyników badań do praktyki na tle własnych doświadczeń

63%

Orzechowski J. , Tomaszewski K.

Postępy Nauk Rolniczych

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1979

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tom 26

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nr 3

12

ATTENTION AS A MECHANISM OF DIFFERENTATION OF COGNITIVE STRUCTURE

63%

Orzechowski J. , Bednarek H.

Psychological Studies

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2004

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tom 42

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nr 1

125

EN

The purpose of the research was to explore mechanisms of attention of Witkin's styles. It has been assumed that the style independent of the field will be related to a higher efficiency of selective attention's process. There were 96 people who participated in the research: 67 women and 29 men, aged 20,9 (+/-2,6). In the experiment, in addition to Embedded Figures Test, a battery of cognitive tests for exploring attention (DIVA Task) has been used, as well as the strength of inhibition processes (Navon Task). The results indicate that there is a strong relation between preferences in the cognitive style and selective attention. The style which is independent of the perceptual field is characterized by better accuracy of selection information, at the similar speed of selection. In the group of people where the independent style predominated, a fewer number of false alarms was registered, and a fewer number of omissions in more difficult conditions of detection. The participants appeared less susceptible to interference in incoherent conditions of Navon's Tasks. It seems to prove that they possess stronger mechanism of inhibition, which is recognized as the elementary mechanism of selective attention.

13

Uszkodzenia mechaniczne występujące przy kombajnowym zbiorze pszenicy

63%

Orzechowski J. , Konieczna M.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

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1983

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tom 258

14

NEURAL MECHANISMS OF INTELLIGENCE

63%

Necka E. , Orzechowski J.

Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)

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2006

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tom 14

43-61

EN

The chapter contains a review of research and state-of-the-art knowledge concerning the neural mechanisms of intelligence. The review is divided into four parts, referring to the hypothetical bases of relations between intelligence and structure of the brain or its functions. The following areas of research are therefore discussed: (1) localization of intelligence in the brain, (2) fast and errorless transmission of impulses as a basis of intelligence, (3) intelligence and neural efficiency hypothesis, and (4) the role of brain volume and cranial capacity. The results are judged inconclusive concerning the detailed knowledge of the neural mechanisms of intelligence. Moreover, they seem inconclusive concerning the very essence of intelligence. The authors claim that the body of research under review shows neural correlates of individual differences in intellectual ability rather than mechanisms of intelligence. There is also a suggestion that the knowledge of neural correlates of intelligence is not synonymous with the knowledge of intelligence. The latter needs careful psychological analyses and the use of theoretical constructs introduced by cognitive psychology.

15

Niektóre problemy produkcji nasion soi w kraju

63%

Kowalczuk J. , Orzechowski J.

Postępy Nauk Rolniczych

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1983

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tom 30

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nr 5

16

Zmiany wlasciwosci strukturalno-mechanicznych ziarna gryki w swietle obserwacji filmowych i fotograficznych

63%

Orzechowski J. , Panasiewicz M.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

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1992

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tom 404

233-242

EN

The buckwheat seed is one of the most valuable raw materials for the groats industry and is of major importance in the food economy. It is used for manufacturing of very valuable groats (product of the group of so called "healthy food"), which is obtained during the process of its husking. This process has certain characteristic features, resulting from the non-typical structure of the seed. These features are related to the various physical properties of the seed including the structural-mechanical ones. It is practically impossible to perform the precise observation of the process of husking the seed, and especially the accompanying this process unfavourable phenomena of breaking and disintegration of the groats caused by operating active parts of the husk-sheller. This results from the fact that in short period of time a substantial amount of grains is passing through the relatively small (3-4 mm) working slot beetwen the disks of the husk-sheller. Thus, in order to specify the character and locations of disitegration of the seed structure, the technique of slow motion photographs has been adopted. The methodology of the study was devised to facilitate the observation of the process of breaking the seed in relation to the method and conditions of its hydrothermal preprocessing. The film recording of this phenomenon, for single seeds and groats free from husk, was performed together with simultaneous subjecting this objects to stress in the INSTRON device used for stress measurements. This way the changes occuring in the seed structure were recorded twice: first, by a camera in subsequent frames of a film, and second by a device drawing the plots of forces damaging the studied object. The speed of film movement was 500 frames per second. Moreover, in order to show many structural changes occurring in the endosperm of the seed, caused by the hydrothermal preprocessing, the microscope observations have been performed. The electron scanning microscope was used to photograph various fragments of the cross-section of the internal structure of the seed which were subjected to the hydrothermal preprocessing by various methods. These allowed for investigation and evaluation of subsequent phases of sizing of starch particles which leads to substantial increase in resistance of endosperm against squezing. The analysis of recorded data and microscope photographs allowed for evaluation of certain structural-mechanical properties of the buckwheat seed and their influence on quality of its husking.

17

MECHANISM OF TWO-PHASE WORKING MEMORY SEARCH: COMPUTATIONAL MODEL

63%

Chuderski A. , Orzechowski J.

Psychological Studies

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2005

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tom 43

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nr 1

37-5-

EN

Two-phase model of working memory (WM) search tries to explain memory search taking set size, positive vs negative trials difference and speed of stimuli presentation into consideration. It was assumed that in the first - parallel - phase cognitive system uses both bottom-up (items in memory) and top-down (target) activations to prepare to actual search. Preparation to search is a process of indexing memory contents that uses strength of items activation or their similarity to target. The second phase is a serial process of comparing the target with items stored in memory which leads to signal detection (positive trials) or recognition of its absence (negative trials). This paper describes an implementation of the model for verbal stimuli in ACT-R cognitive architecture. Two-phase model has been extended with two strategies of memory trace coding. Computational model simulates 95,4% and 97,4% variance observed in accuracy and reaction latencies, respectively. It replicates group differences in WM scanning. A comparison of alternative model versions falsifies single-phase models of WM scanning. A third search phase was needed to obtain best fit to the data: parallel and non-efficient search of partially active part of WM that is outside the focus of attention.

18

Fotogrametryczny pomiar naruralnej powierzchni morza

63%

Orzechowski J. , Sczechowski B.

Przegląd Geodezyjny

|

1985

|

tom 57

|

nr 04-05

19

Wykorzystanie filmu w opisie procesu roboczego kombajnu zbożowego

51%

Fijolek A. , Marciniak A. , Orzechowski J.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

|

1989

|

tom 365

RU

Сложность рабочего процесса в зерноуборочном комбайне осложняет в значительной степени познавательные возможности в данной области, что в свою очередь затрудняет усовершенствование всей конструкции. Одним из инструментов соответствующих исследований является кинокамера. Пользуясь кинокамерой Пентазет и обычной кинокамерой проводили фрагментарную регистрацию протока массы в зерноуборочном комбайне. На основании киносъемок проводились попытки описания движения растительной массы. В момент соприкосновения стеблей с рейкой мотовила происходит их сгибание, что при использовании кинотехники позволяет определить жесткость стеблей. На основании киносъемок определяли также взаимные действие ножа с мотовилом, способ транспортирования растительной массы шнековым подавателем и движение этой массы в щели конвейера. Особенно важным является определение изменчивости конфигурации выталкиваемой рейкой мотовила растительной массы. Киносъемки в исследованиях проводимых в природных условиях являются единственно вступлением к подлинным исследованиям проводимым на стендах. В этих исследованиях фильм будет также играть важную роль.

EN

Complexity of the working process in the grain combine harvester complicates cognitive possibilities in this field, what in its turn makes difficult improvement of the whole construction. One of the instruments used for recognition of this problem is application of the film technique. A fragmenary registration of the plant mass flow in the harvesting mechanism was done at application of the Pentazet and usual camera. On the basis of film pictures an attempt of description of the plant mass movement has been made. At the moment of contact of stalks with the reel rod their deflection takes place, which at application of film would allow to determine the stiffness of stalks. Also knife and reel interaction, plant mass transport way througn the screw loader and the movement of this mass in the conveyor interspace were determined on the basis of film shots. Of a particular significance is determination of the configuration variability of the plant mass pushed through the reel rod. Film investigations carried out under natural conditions are only an introduction into the proper investigations carried out on stands. In these investigations fil will play also an important role.

20

Przemieszczanie gleby przez pług i jakość orki na zboczu

51%

Ziemnicki S. , Orzechowski J. , Orlik T. , Rzedzicki Z.

Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych

|

1975

|

tom 170