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1

Etyczne problemy fotografa

100%

Ferenc T.

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nr 29

147-163

EN

The incorporation of photography into mass culture brought with it a new group of customs and ethical problems. On certain levels, this paradigm shift continues to influence our perceptions of social reality. Taking photos has become a social habit in most parts of the world. Most of us are producers and consumers of great number of photos. We may distinguish four kinds of photography: amateurs-memorial, advertising photography, artistic photography and photojournalism. With the social acceptance of all of these kinds of photography different ethical problems arise. For example, memorial pictures might be treated as representative of a conventional way of thinking one way in which mass society might share a world perception. Compared to the other types of photography, memorial photos operate in safer spheres, areas widely accepted by those involved in the process. Usually these photos are devoted to special occasions, and very rarely are these rules broken. Because of the nature of memorial photography, the ethical problems are different than those connected with the other types of photography. The ethical problems attached to memorial photography are less difficult or complicated than those of the other three types, but deserve equal attention. Often these three types of photos have larger public exposure, such as on billboards, in museums or print media, and therefore they become more deeply incorporated into social reality and raise ethical dilemmas. The reasons and the aims of taking any photos are different, and therefore the ethical problems are inevitably different, and deserve different theoretical explorations.

2

Wstęp. Fotografia w służbie wspólnoty

63%

Ferenc T. , Olechnicki K.

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nr 2

10-15

EN

Photography as a socio-cultural practice has long been the subject of analyses and studies conducted from many research perspectives. One of the frequently discussed aspects is its sociopetal – taking responsibility for the construction, reconstruction and defence of a group or community identity. In principle, any type of photography can carry this value. To use Bruno Latour’s term, photography is an actant acting on other actors in the multi-layer network of what constitutes reality. Connecting not only photographers, it inspires the formation of communities of photography enthusiasts, organisers of photo festivals, reviews, conferences, as well as editorial teams and research groups dedicated specifically to this medium. Contemporary photography lovers are pursuing their passions online, organising virtual exhibitions, commenting, and evaluating their works. Professional photographers are establishing popular collectives that give rise to various communities. How are the social mechanisms of associating through the medium of photography changing? What purposes do they serve, and what are their results? How important is photography and what is its role as a tool of social mobilisation and creator of knowledge communities? Let us take a closer look at photographs and their authors, both through the prism of the past and the most recent experiences related, for example, to the COVID-19 pandemic.

PL

Fotografia rozumiana jako praktyka społeczno-kulturowa od dawna stanowi przedmiot analiz i studiów prowadzonych z wielu perspektyw badawczych. Często podnoszonym w refleksji nad fotografią wątkiem jest jej walor dospołeczny, związany z odpowiedzialnością za budowę/odbudowę/obronę tożsamości wspólnoty czy grupy. Zasadniczo każdy rodzaj fotografii może przejawiać tę własność. Fotografia, używając terminu Brunona Latoura, jest aktantem działającym na innych aktorów tej wielowarstwowej sieci, jaka jest rzeczywistość. Fotografia łączy nie tylko fotografów. Powstają przecież wspólnoty pasjonatów fotografii, organizatorów festiwali fotograficznych, przeglądów, konferencji, a nawet zespoły redakcyjne i grupy badawcze skupione wyłącznie na fenomenie tego medium. Współcześnie miłośnicy fotografii realizują swoją pasję w przestrzeni Internetu. W Sieci organizują wirtualne wystawy swoich prac, komentują je i oceniają. Zawodowi fotograficy powołują popularne kolektywy, tworzące wspólnoty podejmujące najrozmaitsze tematy. Interesuje nas, w jaki sposób zmieniają się społeczne mechanizmy grupowania się wokół fotografii, jakim celom służą i jakie przynoszą rezultaty. Chcielibyśmy zwrócić uwagę na znaczenie i rolę fotografii jako narzędzia mobilizacji społecznej i kreatora wspólnot wiedzy. Pragnęlibyśmy przyjrzeć się fenomenowi obrazu fotograficznego i jego twórcom zarówno przez pryzmat przeszłości, jak i najnowszych doświadczeń, związanych na przykład z epidemią COVID-19.

3

Socjologia grupy artystycznej. Zero-61 jako grupa pierwotna

63%

Ferenc T. , Olechnicki K.

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nr 2

62-80

EN

This article uses the example of Zero-61, a photographic group in Toruń, to show that the analysis of the phenomenon of artistic groups, conducted from the perspective of the biographically oriented sociology of art, can be enriched with a microsociological dimension for the description of operational mechanisms in primary groups. The latter are discussed in accordance with Howard Becker’s concept of art as a collective action. In addition to the group’s relationship with the community, the role of the historical context, and the unique aspects of Toruń for the formation of Zero-61, the article also presents the group’s principles and artistic dynamics: recruitment methods, internal hierarchy, division of responsibilities, and specialisations. Particular focus is put on the exploration of the processes of individual transformation, development, cooperation, and competition among the group members, as well as on the group identity building based on shared artistic and photographic practices, social bonds, and friendship. Zero-61’s strength – visible in the group’s impact on the artistic development of its members and, at times, even constituting the process of becoming an artist and expressing oneself through art – lay in the group’s general importance for the life of its members, its community-based character, collective pursuits of alternative reality, and social confirmations of action and solidarity with the external world.