Abstract: Political leadership in opposition. The case study of Jarosław Kaczyński The aim of this article is to characterize the determinants of the political leadership of Jarosław Kaczyński in 2007-2015 to two groups. First, I will explain the institutional and relational conditions of his leadership in the party Law and Justice. He was its president for the entire period of its stay in the political opposition. Secondly, I will describe the key elements affecting the maintenance of a strong bond J. Kaczyński had with his followers, who consequently remained the electorate of his party. Their voices enabled Law and Justice to win parliamentary election in 2015. Keywords: political leadership, leader, political opposition, Law and Justice, Jarosław Kaczyński, Polish political partie
This article presents the events that took place in the Middle East in January 2020, which more or less directly resulted from the American assassination of General Qassem Soleimani and the downing of a Ukrainian airline plane by the Iranian armed forces in a maximally synthetic way. The article presents a number of comments by journalists dealing with the subject, as well as statements by politicians and scientific experts, which, according to the author, are able to paint a picture of past events on many different levels.
Neoliberalism is a hegemonic ideology covering all areas of life almost all over the world. Capitalism is a set of economic practices that is linked to neoliberalism. Globalisation, in turn, ensures that neoliberal capitalism reaches every country and builds interdependence. As deregulation and depoliticization progresses, democratic control of this social and economic system diminishes. This results in the degeneration of the system, increasing greed and maximising profits at all costs. The complications are compounded by climate change and the depletion of fossil fuel sources. However, there are concepts that can replace neoliberal capitalism. These include universal basic income, de-growth, a green ‚New Deal’ or a vision of a world without work.
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