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3 Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

3 Petrusek M.

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Století extrémů a kýče. K vývoji a proměnám sociologie umění ve 20. století

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Petrusek M.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

2004

tom 40

nr 1-2

11-36

The basic thesis laid out in the text is the assumption that a radical aestheticisation of daily life has occurred in the postmodern world which expresses itself not only in changes in lifestyle but also in the shift in the issues that dominate the field of sociology. While the main interest of classic sociology has always been 'large structures', contemporary sociology has gradually started to turn its attention toward the study of culture in a narrower (by no means merely anthropological) sense. The processes of the aestheticisation of the world are however ambivalent: aestheticisation leads to anaestheticisation (Welsch), it erases the difference between so called high and popular culture, and the typically European term 'kitsch' on the one hand becomes a synonym for resistance to mass culture while on the other hand it permeates all of social life and comes to represent not only aesthetic kitsch but also moral and political forms of kitsch, too. Questions arise concerning not only the meaning behind and perspectives involved in cultural studies and culturology, but also the possibilities for developing the traditional sociology of culture. The conclusion of the article focuses on the bleak state of the study of culture in Czech sociology, which has failed to take advantage of the stimuli offered in its own background, and particularly in the Prague Linguistic Circle.

Fenomenolog a analytik svobody i zla

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Petrusek M.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

2005

tom 41

nr 5

777-800

This article asks why it is so difficult to find a place for Raymond Aron among sociologists, even though he is consensually regarded as one of the most important contributors to the development of political sociology and to the analysis of the democratic political regimes of his day. The author examines the foundations of Aron's 'political sociology' in terms of (a) Aron's intellectual development and (b) the French intellectual scene from the 1940s to the 1980s (including the conflict with Sartre and Merleau-Ponty over Soviet totalitarianism). Also discussed are Aron's intellectual roots in the French philosophical tradition (Montesquieu and Tocqueville), his analysis of German thought in the late 1930s (especially the influence of Max Weber), and the fundamentals of his philosophy of history. In the second part the author looks at Aron's critical analyses of totalitarianism and contrasts the specifics of his approach with some frequent themes in the theories of totalitarianism, namely the so-called uneven distribution of fear and 'hidden' (illegal and illegitimate) exclusion. In conclusion the author interprets Aron's 'pessimist dialectics' (disenchantment with the idea of progress) as a vital stimulus for the study of social and political issues today.

Výuka sociologie v čase tání a v časech normalizace (1964–1989) (Kapitola o vztahu vědění a moci, vědy a politiky, reality a mýtotvorby)

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Petrusek M.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

2004

tom 40

nr 5

597-607

After the Communist Party took power in Czechoslovakia in 1948, sociology, as a scientific field, was gradually abolished, both institutionally and effectively. It was excluded from the sphere of academia, expelled from post-secondary institutions, and replaced by the compulsory study of Marxism-Leninism. This article deals with the period in the 1960s when political changes in the Communist bloc and the relaxation of domestic political circumstances made it possible for sociology to be taught again at post-secondary schools, a period in which Czechoslovak sociology rapidly advanced towards international standards. This progress was abruptly interrupted by the 1968 invasion. The author uses institutional changes and individual human fates to illustrate how sociology in the pre-normalisation period was then gradually transformed into 'Marxist-Leninist sociology', and how almost all those who had played an important role in reviving Czechoslovak sociology in 1963-64 were shut out. The article aims to demonstrate two basic points: the distinct way in which academic sociology in Czechoslovakia evolved in comparison with other countries in the Soviet bloc (especially Poland), and the relevance of this historical lesson for the younger generation today. The article is based on testimony from participants involved in these events, individual memories, and on records and sources dating from the period under observation.