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Design for reliability: delay faults modeling and simulation for CMOS flip-flops

100%

Cai H. , Liu K. , An T. , Naviner L.

International Journal of Microelectronics and Computer Science

2014

tom Vol. 5, nr 3

98--104

Continuously scaling down of CMOS technology brings on low power but also reliability problems such as aggravated aging effects and process variations. They can inﬂuence and degrade the performance of integrated circuits. In recent years, reliability issues of 65nm CMOS node has been intensively studied. In this work, a reliability assessment approach considering aging mechanisms and parametric process variation induced delay fault is proposed in design loop. Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) and hot carrier injection (HCI) induced degradation are simulated in 65nm ﬂip-ﬂops with different architectures. An example with simple combinational logic (65nm full adder) illustrates this approach for fault probability. It is concluded that process variations are more important comparing to aging effects induced degradation when designing low power digital ﬂip-ﬂops.

Unravelling the Effect of Anthraquinone Metal Salts as Wide-range Plateau Catalysts to Enhance the Combustion Properties of Solid Propellants

75%

Wang Y. , Yan Q.-L. , An T. , Chen B. , Ji Y.-P. , Wang W. , Zhao F.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

2018

tom Vol. 15, no. 2

376--390

Novel lead and copper salts based on anthraquinone, including 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone,1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone and 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-dinitroanthraquinone, were prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (EA), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The catalytic effects of these compounds on the decomposition of nitrocellulose (NC) and on the combustion properties of double-base (DB) and composite modified double-base (CMDB) propellants were comprehensively investigated. The results demonstrated that the burning rate is significantly increased (by 200%) in the lower pressure range (2-6 MPa) as compared to the control systems without added anthraquinone-based salts. Concurrently, the pressure exponents (n) were obviously lower, exhibiting a “wide-range plateau” combustion phenomenon in the middle-pressure region. Specifically, for the DB propellants such a plateau region extended from 10 MPa to 16 MPa for n equal to 0.10, from 10 MPa to 18 MPa for n equal to 0.11 and from 8 MPa to 18 MPa when n is 0.05. In the case of RDX-CMDB propellants, the plateau was found to be in the range 6-18 MPa, with n in the range 0.16-0.27, depending on the type of catalyst, in contrast to the reference CMDB sample, which was characterized by n equal to 0.7 for the same pressure range.

How soil bacterial communities with seasonal variation respond differently to long-term fertilization and plastic film mulching

75%

Farmer J. , Schaeffer S. , Zhang B. , An T. , Pei J. , Zhuang J. , Wang J.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies

2018

tom 27

nr 4

Although the fertilization effect on soil microbial communities have been studied extensively, its influence combined with plastic-film mulching on seasonal variations of bacterial communities remains unknown. High throughput sequencing was used to explore seasonal bacterial communities in a longterm fertilization experiment that commenced in 1987. Non-fertilization and the application of manure combined with nitrogen fertilization significantly (P<0.05) increased bacterial abundance at phylum level without film mulching in July and with film mulching in October. Also, the relative abundance of dominant bacterial groups in October exceeded those in July. Nitrogen fertilization (N) significantly (P<0.05) decreased soil bacterial diversity and richness with or without film mulching compared to nonfertilization controls during July and October. Plastic film mulching and long-term manure fertilization significantly (P<0.05) increased bacterial diversity and richness as well as the relative abundance of dominant bacterial groups. Statistical analysis revealed that soil pH was the main driving force influencing bacterial groups. In conclusion, our results highlight the relative importance of long-term application of manure fertilization and plastic film mulching on seasonal variations of bacterial diversity and structure. This finding also highlights the relevance of soil pH as the main deterministic abiotic factor for soil bacterial community structure regardless of film mulching.