This study investigates the potential of two evolutionary neuro-fuzzy inference systems, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with particle swarm optimization (ANFIS–PSO) and genetic algorithm (ANFIS–GA), in modelling reference evapotranspiration (ET0). The hybrid models were tested using Nash–Sutclife efciency, root mean square errors and determination coefcient (R2 ) statistics and compared with classical ANFIS, artifcial neural networks (ANNs) and classifcation and regression tree (CART). Various combinations of monthly weather data of solar radiation, relative humidity, average air temperature and wind speed gotten from two stations, Antalya and Isparta, Turkey, were used as input parameters to the developed models to estimate ET0. The recommended evolutionary neuro-fuzzy models produced better estimates compared to ANFIS, ANN and CART in modelling monthly ET0. The ANFIS–PSO and/or ANFIS–GA improved the accuracy of ANFIS, ANN and CART by 40%, 32% and 66% for the Antalya and by 14%, 44% and 67% for the Isparta, respectively.
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One of the main concerns of environmental and ecological managers for rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and marine ecosystems is developing a reliable and efficient predictive model for chlorophyll a concentration. In this study, the online sequential extreme learning machine, M5 Prime tree, multilayer perceptron artificial neural network, response surface methodology, and multivariate adaptive regression spline models were investigated for daily chlorophyll a concentration prediction by assessing the relations between Chl-a and several water quality parameters, including water temperature, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity. Different scenarios based on TE, pH, SC, and TU were defined. Also, this study evaluated the influence of periodicity input as the last scenario to obtain more accurate predictions of Chl-a values. Daily data measured for 2009–2019 from USGS no. 14207200 and USGS no. 14211720 stations were used. For assessing the prediction performance of the proposed techniques, three different objective indicators were employed, namely RMSE, R2 , and NSE. Moreover, the Taylor diagram was employed for evaluating the accuracy and generalization capability of the applied models for the prediction of Chl-a. Results indicated that OS-ELM with input parameters of TE, pH, SC, TU, Y (year), M (month), and D (day) showed higher accuracy in predicting Chl-a with RMSE of 3.151, NSE of 0.798, and R of 0.894 for USGS no. 14207200 and with RMSE of 0.907, NSE of 0.820, and R of 0.912 for USGS no. 14211720 than the other models, respectively. Additionally, MLPNN ranked as the second best method for the estimation of Chl-a values at both stations. As an interesting point, it was quite evident that adding periodicity as an input parameter could significantly enhance the performance of all models in predicting the daily Chl-a concentration at both stations. Results proved that OS-ELM models can be a reliable tool for the prediction of the Chl-a values in aquatic environments, benefiting ecological and environmental management, and algal bloom control.
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