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EN
The nematode Ashworthius sidemi is a typical parasite of Asiatic deer, particularly sika deer (Cervus nippon). It was probably first carried into Poland by migrating red deer. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of A. sidemi infection in roe deer and red deer in the Lower Silesian Wilderness in the winter season 2015/2016. Parasitological necropsy of 34 abomasa of red deer from Forest District Ruszów was performed. The prevalence of A. sidemi infection was found to be 91.1%, and the intensity to range from 10 to 2680 nematodes, with a mean intensity of 394 parasites. This prevalence of ashworthiosis and maximum intensity of infection were respectively 17.2% and 38% higher than observed in the previous season (2013/2014). The mean intensity was also slightly higher than reported previously.
EN
The objective of the study was to determine the composition of the fauna of parasites and the state of infestation by parasites in red deer living in the Lower Silesian wilderness. In order to identify the stomach and intestinal nematodes, the abomasa of nine red deer harvested in the Ruszów Forest District were subjected to full helminthological dissection, coupled with sedimentation of the content. The obtained sediments were preserved in 1-2% formaldehyde solution. In the lab, the preserved sediments from the abomasa were separately diluted in water, thoroughly stirred, and a sample of one-tenth was collected from each. Each sample was then checked in small portions, and all nematodes were isolated. The nematodes collected were preserved in 75% ethyl alcohol with 5% addition of glycerol. In order to determine the infestation by pulmonary nematodes and by trematodes, 73 samples of red deer feces were examined using decantation and Baermann methods. The intensity of invasion was measured as the number of larvae found in 3 g of feces. Additionally, 10 × 10 cm samples of skin and subcutaneous connective tissue were taken from the back regions of 14 red deer, and parasites were isolated from them. A total of ten species of parasites typical of red deer were found: five species of stomach and intestinal nematodes – Spiculopteragia boehmi, Ostertagia leptospicularis, Ostertagia kolchida, Spiculopteragia mathevossiani and Aonchotheca (Capillaria) bovis; three species of pulmonary nematodes – Elaphostrongylus cervi, Varestrongylus sagittatus and Dictyocaulus eckerti; one species of nematode living in tissues – Onchocerca flexuosa, as well as a gadfly Hypoderma diana. Moreover, two alien, invasive species were found: Ashworthius sidemi – a nematode originating from south-eastern Asia and Fascioloides magna – an American trematode. Both of them pose a threat to wild and domestic ungulates. Further research is necessary to determine the extent of infestation concentrations caused by the aforementioned parasites.
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EN
The data on the distribution and number of the capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in Poland for the period from the end of the 20th century up to 2017−2018 is presented. The capercaillie is a sedentary forest grouse living in old mountain forests and within the boreal zone. Since more than a century, the decrease in the numbers of the species has been observed, interlinked with the extinction of isolated populations. Within the present borders of Poland, a 1925 questionnaire study noted 2200−2700 individuals. In the 1960s, the national population was estimated at 1700−2000 birds, living in five isolated populations. In 1985−1995, the population numbers of the capercaillie dropped to approx. 466−700 individuals in four regions, and in 2000 it was estimated at 470−570 birds. According to the results of the censuses performed in 2017−2018, the size of the capercaillie population risen to 523−631 individuals and 59−69 lekking grounds. Currently the capercaillie occurs in four isolated regions. These are the Western Carpathians (the Beskid Sądecki, Tatry, Gorce, Babia Góra, Beskid Żywiecki, and the Beskid Śląski ranges) where 284−326 individuals live and 35−41 leks are active. In the Solska and the Lasy Janowskie Forests (Lublin region), the population was estimated at 132−184 individuals and 12−13 lekking grounds. In the Augustów Forest (Podlasie region) 36−46 individuals and 5−7 leks were found. In the Bory Dolnośląskie Forest, where native capercaillies got extinct during the last decade, the reintroduction program resulted in the rebuilding of their 65−75 population (with 6−7 leks). The restitution of the species in the Piska Forest has begun. During the last 20 years, populations in the Carpathian national parks have been stable, although fluctuating in numbers. The increase in the number of individuals in the Augustów Forest as well as in the Sądecki and Beskid Śląski Mountains is an after−effect of the release of birds from breeding centers or translocations. In other strongholds, fluctuations or decreases have been recorded, including wisible in the Beskid Żywiecki Mountains.
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