Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Proceder handlu ludźmi jako forma współczesnego niewolnictwa

100%

Stankiewicz W.

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tom 39

136-162

EN

THE ARTICLE POINTS OUT, that making humans the objects of the trade is one of the cruellest form of the inernational contemporary slavery and it should be eliminated especially by the effective legal regulations. This problem is the infringement of basic rules, which are the foundations of structure of the modern-day society and, at the same time, is believed to be a serious threat to public order. With the aim of fighting and preventing development of the human trafficking cooperation between countries, governments and international institutions is absolutely necessary. Above all it is state institutions’ duty to counteract this phenomenon effectively, to protect the victims and provide them with essential care. Fighting human trafficking might be successful only with comprehensive, integrated, multidisciplinary attitude and the toplevel worldwide cooperation between countries. However, the bigger differences amongst societies in the issue of human rights, the more difficult fight with the human trafficking seems to be.

2

A rigid view of sovereignty in international diplomacy

100%

Stankiewicz W.

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tom 39

273-291

EN

Sovereignty is a broad based concept which grants enormous powers to heads of states within their boundaries. That power may sometimes pave the way for the abuse of sovereignty. There are many cases throughout history where the States tended to use their sovereign powers beyond their limits and tried to extend their sovereignty in an abusive manner, either within or outside their territory.

3

Stosunki Unii Europejskiej z Republiką Indii

100%

Stankiewicz W.

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nr 2(32)

26-49

PL

Indie odgrywają coraz większą rolę na arenie międzynarodowej i regionalnej. Od czasu pierwszego szczytu Unia-Republika Indii w Lizbonie w 2000 r., stosunki obu stron wzmocniły się politycznie, geopolitycznie, ekonomicznie i handlowo. Eksperci, wskazują jednak, że mimo doskonałych umów, deklaracji, spotkań i licznych zapewnień, Strategiczne Partnerstwo nie funkcjonuje w pełni skutecznie. Stało się oczywiste dzięki Komunikatowi podpisanemu w 2004 r., Planowi Wspólnego Działania z 2005 r., zaktualizowanemu w roku 2008, iż obopólnym celem jest pogłębianie dialogu i współpracy. Unia Europejska nie określa zbyt dużej liczby państw, z którymi gotowa byłaby wejść w strategiczne partnerstwo. Indie i Unia Europejska odmiennie pojmują wspólne, formalne cele współpracy. Jedna strona dąży do umocnienia swojej pozycji jako mocarstwa regionalnego i pozycji na arenie międzynarodowej, druga natomiast do utworzenia systemów sojuszy i swoistej koalicji interesów. Nie można także nie zauważyć, że realizowanie celów i współpracy politycznej jest prawie niemożliwe ze względu na brak precyzji ustaleń i zbytnią ogólnikowość.

EN

The Republic of India is becoming increasingly more influential and important both in the region and on the international arena. Since the first special meeting of the European Union and the Republic of India in Lisbon in 2000 their relations have become stronger within the areas of politics, geopolitics, economics and trade. However, in spite of admirable agreements, declarations, meetings, and numerous assurances, the strategic partnership is not functioning truly effectively. According to the Announcement signed in 2004 and the Joint Action Plan adopted in 2005, and brought up to date in 2008, a mutual purpose of the EU and India is to deepen the dialogue and broaden the cooperation. The European Union perceives very few states as possible strategic partners. Republic of India and the European Union differ in understanding common interests of the cooperation. One side is aspiring to strengthen its position as the regional leader and influential member of international arena. The other partner is doing its best to form a whole systems of alliances with a specific coalition of interests. The imperfection of arrangements, especially their excessive vagueness, strongly suggests that the political cooperation is almost impossible.

4

Walka Unii Europejskiej z terroryzmem po zamachach 11 września 2001 roku na Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki

100%

Stankiewicz W.

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tom 18

68-85

EN

The attacks on the United States in 2001 were a warning for the modern world, but also a consequence of a long-term process initiated many years earlier, mainly the radicalization of attitudes and polarization among civilizations and cultures. The attacks were not an individual or isolated matter of the United States. The acts of terror in 2004 in Madrid and the London attacks of July 2005 showed that also Europe is not entirely safe and can become a target of subsequent attacks at any time. The European Union demonstrated its ability to undertake numerous initiatives. The EU bodies adopted a few dozen acts which are binding both in political and legal terms, organized numerous meetings and most of the EU institutions have become involved in commenting the phenomenon of terrorism, combating it and indicating its causes. A common definition of terrorism has been agreed on. It is worth considering though, if anti-terrorist measures already undertaken are adequate. The development of legislative provisions and an action plan, strengthening the EU institutions and consistent demonstration of involvement in the struggle with terrorism are not sufficient. Although the EU developed an excellent framework for setting up an anti-terrorist policy, the theory is not effectively translated into practical activities on the national level. First of all, the success of counteracting and combating terrorism depends on the effectiveness of actions at the national level. The 27 EU states constitute a cohesive commercial area, full of mutual links strengthened by the free flow of people, goods or capital, surrounded with common borders. Despite unquestionable successes, EU activities in the field of combating terrorism still encounter difficulties. The EU is at the beginning of the road to creating a cohesive internal security system. The Union has not developed a perfect idea for combating terrorism. Instruments must be sought to allow for more efficient prosecution of perpetrators, quick and safe exchange of information, to curb the financing of terrorist groups, anticipate actions, define common standards of protection of such facilities as airports or seaports and guard borders.

5

Sytuacja imigrantów muzułmańskich w wybranych państwach Europy Zachodniej

100%

Stankiewicz W.

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nr 42

191-207

EN

The article argues that the significant mobility of Muslim minorities in France, Germany and the United Kingdom resulted from an increasing need to improve the economic life of immigrants, family reunification, and the possibility of getting permanent residence through marriage with permanent residents of the mentioned countries. The situation of Muslim immigrants in the host country is regulated by individual state and European Union law. Each country establishes its own laws concerning social and religious life and the possibility of obtaining citizenship. Muslim populations acquire legal status and uphold the law of the host country, often defending themselves against ill-treatment by referring to abuses in criminal cases. The integration of Muslim immigrants with Europeans has numerous difficulties as a result of cultural and religious differences. Immigrants tend to live in their own tight grouping, often isolating themselves from the society of the host country. The Muslim community will exceed 20% of population over the next 40 years. Europe will become a continent with a significant Muslim minority. This will contribute not only to major demographic changes but also cultural, economic, political and social ones in Europe in the future.

6

Rywalizacja państw w kosmosie

100%

Stankiewicz W.

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nr 2

109-125

PL

The paper emphasizes that outer space has become an object of interest for different states relatively recently. Therefore, there is no detailed international law to regulate the activity of states in outer space. Current regulations were mainly drawn up at the turn of the 1960s, and they do not fully correspond to the reality of today. The drawing up of modern space law will be a dynamic process owing to the rapid evolution of space technology and an increasing exploration potential. As the activity of states in outer space is rapidly changing, laws to be drawn up may frequently be prepared ad hoc, in response to the newly emerging problems. It may be exceptionally difficult to enact a new convention to regulate general issues of outer space, in the way it has been done with respect to the law of the sea, as some countries (in particular the United States) may oppose the limitation of their plans to explore and utilize outer space. In order to maintain peace and balance, it may be necessary to establish a new international organization for the purpose of dealing with outer space. This organization would provide a forum to solve disputes, such as those concerning the development of satellite systems, the principles of teledetection, or armaments in space. A considerable portion of inter-state disputes concerning outer space will have to be solved by bilateral agreements, reached through a compromise, as there are no specialized organs authorized to act in the realm of outer space. A dynamically conducted exploration of outer space depends on the amount of expenditure allocated to the space programs of individual states. The amount of financing available is influenced by the economy (at the time of the slowdown that began in 2008 space agencies have had to envisage limited budgets). The prestige of space exploration is an aspect of particular importance. In order to increase its importance in the international arena, states are ready to allocate considerable means for spectacular space activities. It can be observed at present that states are increasingly competing with each other for prestige rather than for strategic purposes. This can easily be observed with respect to the developing countries, such as China and India. The pace of activities in space will be influenced by the ability of the states to cooperate. The specific nature of great space investments usually requires huge expenditure, therefore it would be advantageous to combine the financial contributions of various states. Joint projects would promote peaceful utilization of outer space.

7

Book review: “Peace and Antiterrorist Operations in Process of Maintenance of International Security in Years 1948–2004”, (ed.) Dariusz S. Kozerawski, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2006, pp. 250

100%

Stankiewicz W.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2007

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tom 36

291-300

EN

After the Second World War European countries experienced a period of stability in terms of international situation. Governments of war-damaged states undertook reconstruction of devastated cities and national economies. Considerable war damage caused by War World II resulted in the onset of a period of counteracting possible international disputes. The establishment of the UN as well as NATO initiated the process of resolving conflicts in a diplomatic way and with the use of force of the UN.

8

Turkey's European Aspirations to the EU

100%

Stankiewicz W.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2007

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tom 36

114-133

EN

European Union is nowadays facing one of its biggest challenges and opportunities since its foundation. An answer, which will be sent to Turkey, will bring overwhelming repercussions in wide and large Muslim world. e far-sight approach of European Council can open new stage in evolution of European identity. The European Union’s aim is a safe, secure and wealthy continent, capable to peacefully cooperate with other states.

9

Book Review: “The Faces of Terrorism”, edited by Sebastian Wojciechowski, Institute of Political Science and Journalism at Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland 2006, pp. 216

100%

Stankiewicz W.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

|

2006

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tom 35

185-190

EN

Terrorism in a contemporary world plays a vital role. It becomes more and more dangerous due to technical development and access to information on terrorist means and methods allows better communication between terrorist groups. Contemporary political terrorism characterizes variety and difficulty far more developed now then centuries ago. Terrorists are able to interfere into politics of different countries, using terrorism actions to achieve particular goals. The increase of conflicts and tensions on ethics, religion, ideology or sociology made it possible for terrorism to appear in new forms and become a solution for current global issues.

10

Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons as the Source of Endangerment for the Contemporary World and the Reason for the International Law Regulations Being a Subject of Abuse

100%

Stankiewicz W.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2006

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tom 35

16-32

EN

Among the kinds of CB Weapons, the chemical one might be considered as the one with the longest history of widespread warfare applicability, whereas the biological one as the developed problem of the recent two centuries but also having its roots in ancient eras. The consequences of the usage of CBs are acknowledged by the international conventions dealing with the CB phenomenon. Although the provisions provide solutions and declarations of the minimised usage of CB weapons as the method of warfare and the limited laboratory testing in accordance to the sake of all mankind, the problem still exists. Nowadays, it is especially discussed after the events of 11.09.2001, which brought about the airborne attack on the the two towers of the World Trade Centre in New York and the proceeding events of the Bacillus anthracis4 intoxication spread across the United States of America.

11

Book review: P. Ebigg, R. Fiedler, A. Wejkszner, S. Wojciechowski, “The Lexicon of Contemporary Terrorist Organizations”, Institute of Political Science and Journalism, Poznań 2007

100%

Stankiewicz W.

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tom 37

230-237

EN

Terrorism is one of the greatest threats to contemporary civilization. The incidents that take the form of terrorist attacks occur in the territories of many countries, and they diff er not only in motives and methods, but also in realization measures. These incidents continue to grow in numbers and escalate. In fact, terrorism paralyses huge masses of people and causes harm to the proper functioning of democratic countries, especially their economic, social and political institutions. Rich countries are as much affected by it as those plunged in economic crises. Because of globalization, terrorists may freely travel around the world unnoticed by the most advanced identification systems.

12

Foreign Affairs in Democratic and Republican Policies: a Comparative Study

100%

Stankiewicz W.

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tom 34

131-151

EN

According to a nationwide survey conducted in July 2004 by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press in association with the Council on Foreign Affairs 41% of those surveyed cited war, foreign policy and terrorism as the most important problems facing the United States of America. For the first time since the Vietnam era American voters are more concerned about international and defense issues than the economy or other domestic issues in the upcoming presidential election; thus the importance of foreign affairs in Democratic and Republican Parties’ platforms.