In the span of past few decades, population, urbanization and industrialization have transformed the mankind living standard and dynamics of the nature. Certainly, energy is the basic need for all living organisms. Energy is the route towards the economic growth. The evidence shows that the countries faced with energy crises are left behind in the economic activities; as a result, people are deprived. This study reviewed the available renewable energy resources and potential with positive and negative aspects. This study comprehensively discusses the renewable macro and micro energy resources studied in the past two decades reported in various studies. The paper is divided into two sections; the first section discusses the energy produced in the macro level and the second section discusses the energy produced using different strategies and techniques in the micro level. The potential and positive outcomes of the energy resources were identified. New paradigm of micro energies and importance of reusing the available resource of micro energy using different resources like energy harvesting on the road surface, vibration, airflow, radio frequency and thermal energy etc. were discussed. Lastly, the study focus does not only review but also finds the potential and opportunities for the researchers in the future to utilize the renewable energy resources.
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Steep cut slops along the highways and hillsides closer development projects are generally stabilize using soil nailing method in Malaysia. Soil nail system (i.e., passive and active soil nail systems integrated with tendons pre-stressed) is widely applied to strengthened slopes. However, slope failures occurred observing flaws on the fundamental design. The loss of the pre stressed tension on the creep behaviour of the nail tendon affects the functionality of the soil nail system. This research has introduced a cylindrical shape reinforced grout hybrid anchor and the objectives is to assess its efficiency at refraining the creep behaviour of the soil. Therefore, laboratory evaluation of the pull-out creep behaviour of the anchor was assessed in a large pull-out box (length: 2 m, σ: 1 m×1 m). An effective stress of 100 and 200 kPa were applied to the soil in the pull-out box. The creep behaviour was tested at the pull-out tensions of 100 and 200 kN, respectively. Results show that the prestressing force is the main factor affecting the stress and deformation in the soil. The anchor was able to mobilise the tensions of 100 and 200 kN. The load was maintained, and the creep behaviour was monitored. A minimal amount of creep (approximately 1 mm) was observed. This finding presents a good justification showing that, the anchor could resist creep and thus can function as a maintenance free active soil nail system.
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