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EN
The results of corrosion properties research of aluminum alloy AW 7020 (AlZn5Mg1) welded by Friction Stir Welding were presented. In the article the parameters for friction stir welding of sheets made of AlZn5Mg1 (7020) alloy were presented. Corrosion tests were performed on the surface of the FSW joined sheets depending on the distance from the centre of the weld. EIS measurement was performed in three-electrode system in an artificial seawater (3.5% NaCl). Impedance studies were carried out at the corrosion potential. Changed voltage signal amplitude in the range ± 10 mV and frequency range of changes was as follows: 100 kHz - 0.1 Hz. Atlas 0531 EU & IA potentiostat was used for studies. Model in the form of an electrical equivalent circuit replacement was chosen for the test object. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are presented graphically in the Nyquist charts matched with the theoretical curve to them and in the form of parameters characterizing the corrosion process. Obtained results were statistically analysed. Better resistance to electrochemical corrosion was found for the native material then joint welded by FSW of 7020 aluminum alloy. Worse corrosion properties were observed in the advancing side of the weld than in the retreating side of the weld. Original value are received results of the corrosion properties distribution of FSW welded AW-7020 aluminium alloy.
EN
The article presents the research results on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 7020 and its FSW and MIG welded joints. Welding parameters used for the connection of the sheets made of 7020 alloy were presented. Metallographic analysis showed the correct construction of structural bonded joints. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) – a new technology can be successfully used for butt welding of different types of aluminum alloy sheets. FSW method can be an alternative to traditional arc welding methods, especially MIG, which is the most common method of joining aluminum alloys used in shipbuilding. The research was carried out using a static tensile test in accordance with the requirements of the Polish Standards PN-EN ISO 4136:2011 and PN-EN ISO 6892-1:2010. Flat samples cut perpendicular to the direction of rolling were used. The research was conducted at the temperature of + 20ºC. Friction stir welded joints of 7020 alloy have higher strength properties compared to MIG welded joints. The yield stress of FSW joint is higher by 14.2% compared to MIG welded joint, and at the same level as the native material. Plastic properties of FSW joint are much higher than MIG joint (over 40%). Confirmation of high strength properties of FSW joint is the place of crack - beyond the weld in the native material.
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W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań rozkładu twardości w złączu spawanym łukowo metodą MIG stopu AW 7020 (AlZn5Mg1). Podano parametry spawania zastosowane do połączenia blach wykonanych z badanego stopu. Do badań twardości zastosowano metodę Vickersa HV5 zgodnie z wymaganiami Polskiej Normy PN-EN 1043-1:2000. Badania przeprowadzono w przekrojach poprzecznych złączy spajanych przy obciążeniu wgłębnika wynoszącym 49 N. W celu określenia morfologii (makrostruktury, zgładu) w złączu spawanym, wycięte próbki poddano polerowaniu, a następnie trawieniu odczynnikiem Kellera. W złączu spawanym najniższa twardość występowała w samej spoinie.
EN
The article presents the research results of hardness values distribution of MIG welded joint alloy AW 7020 (AlZn5Mg1). The parameters of MIG welding used to join metal alloy AlZn5Mg1 (7020) were presented. The study was carried out using Vickers hardness HV5accordance with the requirements of the Polish Standard PN-EN 1043-1:2000. The study was conducted in three rows, and the indenter load was 49 N. In order to determine the morphology (macrostructure, microsection) in the bonded joints, the samples were polished and then micro-etched KELLER reagent. In the MIG welded joint lowest hardness of the weld occurred in the middle of the joint.
EN
The results of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of aluminum alloy AW 7020 [AlZn5Mg1] welded by friction stir welding FSW and MIG were presented. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) - a new technology can be successfully used for butt welding of different types of aluminum alloy sheets. In the article the parameters for friction stir welding ofsheets made of AlZn5Mg1 [7020] alloy was presented as well as parameters for MIG. Metallographic analysis of bonds showed a proper structural construction of both, the FSW and MIG welded 7020 aluminum alloys. Stress corrosion cracking was examined via the slow-strain-rate-testing (SSRT) according to EN ISO 7539-7. The following parameters were measured: time-to-failure - T [h], obtained max. load - F [N]; strain energy (the diagram surface under the stress-elongation curve) - E [MJ/m3]; relative elongation of the specimen — a10 [%]; max. tensile stress — R [MPa] and contraction — Z [%]. The tests were carried out on cylindrical notch-free specimens in the air and 3.5% water solution NaCl. Good resistance to stress corrosion was found of friction stir welded 7020 aluminum alloys. The tested samples cracked during SSRT test in the native material in case of FSW and in the joint in case of MIG. Original value are received results of the stress corrosion resistance of new method friction stir welded AlZn5Mg1 alloy compared with traditional MIG method.
EN
The article presents the research results of hardness values distribution of friction s tir welded joint (FSW) alloy AW 7020 (AlZn5Mg1). The joints welded by traditional MIG method of the same aluminium alloy were chosen as reference points. Friction stir welding (FSW) - a new technology can be successfully used for butt welding of sheet metal with different types of aluminium alloys. The parameters of friction stir welding (FSW) and MIG welding used to join metal alloy AlZn5Mg1 (7020) were presented. Metallographic analysis showed the correct structured both MIG welded joints and FSW welded aluminum alloy 7020. The study was carried out using Vickers hardness HV5 accordance with the requirements of the Polish Standard PN-EN 1043-1:2000. The study was conducted in three rows, and the indenter load was 50 N. In order to determine the structural changes in the bonded joints, the samples were polished and then micro-etched KELLER reagent. Metallographic examination was carried out using optical microscope Axiovert ZAISS 25. Metallographic examination revealed the existence of an explicit heat affected zone of HAZ in case of MIG welded joints and virtually lack there of, in case of FSW welded joints. In case of FSW welded joint, maximum hardness was observed in the middle of joint, but at a distance of approximately 25 mm from the middle of the weld there is a hardness decrease of about 10% relative to the base material. In the MIG weldedjoint lowest hardness of the weld occurred in the middle of the joint.
EN
The results of corrosion properties research of aluminum alloy AW 7020 (AlZn5Mg1) welded by friction stir welding FSW and MIG were presented. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) - a new technology can be successfully used for butt welding of different types of aluminum alloy sheets. In the article the parameters for friction stir welding of sheets made of AlZn5Mg1 [7020] alloy was presented as well as parameters for MIG. Metallographic analysis of bonds showed a proper structural construction of both, the FSW and MIG welded 7020 aluminum alloys. The polarization was carried out at changes in the potential speed of 12 mV/min in the range of š 50 mV with the stationary potential. Atlas 0531EU & IA potentiostat was used for studies. The corrosion resistance research was carried out using three electrode potentiodynamic method. The following parameters were measured: electrode potential Ec [mV] and the corrosion current density Jc [mi A/cm2]. The tests were carried out on specimens in 3.5% water solution NaCl. Good resistance to electrochemical corrosion was found of the native material, friction stir welded and MIG welded 7020 aluminum alloys. Original value are received results of the corrosion properties of new method friction stir welded AlZn5Mg1 alloy compared with traditional MIG method and the native material.
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W artykule omówiono metody spawania łukowego w osłonie gazów obojętnych (MIG, TIG) stopów aluminium, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wymagań stawianych w przemyśle okrętowym. Zaprezentowano technologię spawania metodą MIG oraz parametry wykonywania spoin doczołowych tą metodą stopów aluminium. Omówiono główne problemy występujące podczas spajania stopów aluminium. Przedstawiono wyniki badań podatności na korozję naprężeniową złączy spawanych metodą MIG stopu AW 5059 ALUSTAR (AlMg5Mn0,7). Badania korozji naprężeniowej wykonano, stosując próbę odkształcenia z małą prędkością (10&sup-6 s&sup-1), zgodnie z PN-EN ISO 7539-7.
EN
The article presents methods of arc welding in inert gas cover (MIG, TIG) of alumiunim alloys, with special requirements of shipbuilding industry. There is shown technology of MIG welding method and parameters of butt joints of aluminium alloys making by this method. The main problems which appeared during aluminium alloys joining process were described. The results of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of aluminum alloy AW 5059 ALUSTAR [AlMg5Mn0,7] by MIG welded were presented. Stress corrosion cracking was examined via the slow-strain-rate-testing (SSRT) according to EN ISO 7539-7.
EN
Nowadays acoustic emission (AE) method is used in many fields of science, including in the diagnosis of machining processes such as turning, grinding, milling, etc. Determining of turning parameters has a great impact on the quality of the surface. This is especially important during finishing treatment. In the study of acoustic emission, method was used to optimize the cutting depth. Optimization was to determine the depth of cut, at which the vibration level exceeds the set level. The research was carried out on a universal CDS 6250 BX-1000 lathe centre using dynamometer DKM 2010 where assembled removable insert CCMT 09 T304 PF. Lathing process was performed on the shaft of 40 mm in diameter made of S235JR steel. The research was carried out at constant cutting speed v = 145 m/min and at constant feed f = 0.114 mm/rev. In the research was used a set of acoustic emission Vallen System. The kit includes: 4 channel signal recorder AMSY 6, two measurement modules ASIP-2/S, preamplifier with a frequency range 20 kHz – 1 MHz and the strengthening of 34 dB and AE signal measurement sensor type VS 150M, with a frequency range 100 – 450 kHz. During the study, the acoustic emission (AE) generated during the lathing process was recorded parameters: amplitude, number of events – hits, the effective value of the signal (RMS). Analysis of the research results allowed to determine the maximum depth of cut, at which the vibration does not reach the set limit value. The study can be the basis for the use of acoustic emission method to determine the parameters of the finishing lathing for obtaining a high quality surface.
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The results of mechanical and corrosion properties research of chosen part of joint bonded by Friction Stir Welding – advancing side of the weld, were presented. AW-7020 aluminium alloy was used for research. Research included the following methods: - mechanical properties were carried out using static tensile test in accordance with PN-EN ISO 4136:2011 and PN-EN ISO 6892-1:2010, - Hardness testing in the cross-sections of joints was carried out using Vickers HV5 method in accordance with PNEN ISO 6507-1:2006, - microscopic examination was performed by optical microscope ZEISS Axiovert 25, - the corrosion resistance research was carried out using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method in 3.5% water solution NaCl. During the study obtained higher strength properties for the FSW joint compared to the native material – all samples cracked in the native material. The hardness test shown, that the advanced side of the weld has the highest value of hardness of completely joint. Better resistance to electrochemical corrosion was found for the native material then joint welded by FSW of 7020 aluminum alloy, including the advancing side of the weld. Original value is received results of the mechanical and corrosion properties of advancing side of the weld of FSW welded AW-7020 aluminium alloy.
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EN
The article presents the research results of thermography method used for monitoring process of friction stir welding of sheets made of AW-5083 aluminium alloy. Nowadays monitoring the temperature is used in many fields of science, including in the diagnosis of machining and joining processes such as turning, grinding, milling, welding, etc. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) – a new technology can be successfully used for butt-welding of different types of aluminium alloy sheets. FSW method can be an alternative to traditional arc welding methods i.e. MIG or TIG. The joining process was carried out on laboratory stand built on the basis of universal milling machine FWA-31. The parameters of joining AW-5083 alloy sheets chosen after optimization of the FSW process were presented. For determining temperature and its distribution in tool-workpieces contact area, noncontact infrared method was chosen. Infrared camera ThermoGear G100 produced by NEC Avio Infrared Technologies Co., Ltd. was used. The camera has two measuring ranges defined: -40-+120°C and 0-500°C. Average value of the temperature between the tool and joined metal sheets was about 380°C in case when correct parameters of welding were chosen. Controlling the temperature allow catch the moment when the material of joined sheets is plasticized (370°C ) which is best to start the linear moving of the tool and the same start of welding. The study can be the basis for the use of thermography method to monitor the process and determine the parameters of the friction stir welding for obtaining a high quality joint.
EN
The article presents the research results of hardness distribution of friction stir welded joint (FSW) of AW-5083 aluminium alloy. During the study used two types of tools: with cylindrical pin and with conical pin. FSW is a method of welding in the solid state, mechanical properties of joints welded by that method can be higher than that for arc welding techniques (MIG, TIG). The parameters of friction stir welding (FSW) used for joining 5083 alloy sheets were presented. Metallographic analysis of chosen joints showed the correct construction of structural bonded joints. The study was carried out using Vickers hardness HV1 in accordance with the requirements of the Polish Standard PN-EN 6507 using a hardness and microhardness-testing machine FM-800. The location of measurement points in the butt joint was determined in accordance with PN-EN 1043-1:2000. The indenter load was 9.8 N. In order to identify areas of particular characteristic of bonded joints macroscopic examination was performed using an optical microscope ZAISS AxioVert A1 MAT. The test specimens were polished and then etched with KELLER reagent. This enabled the precise identification of zones present in the joint, such as weld nugget, thermomechanically affected zone, native material. Hardness testing in across researched joints showed that the shape of the welding tool pin does not affect the mean value of hardness in the weld.
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EN
The article presents the research results on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 7020 and its MIG welded joints. For comparison alloy 5083 - the most currently used in shipbuilding alloy was chosen as well as 5059 -the new high-strength alloy. Besides the native material alloys there were investigated their joints welded by MIG -the same method as alloy 7020. Welding parameters used for the connection of the sheets made of 7020, 5083 and 5059 alloys were presented. Metallographic analysis showed the correct construction of structural bonded joints. The arc welding method - MIG is the most common method of joining aluminum alloys used in shipbuilding. It replaces the TIG method of providing equally high quality of joints with a much higher performance. The research was carried out using a static tensile test in accordance with the requirements of the Polish Standard PN-EN 10002:2004. Flat samples cut perpendicular to the direction of rolling were used. The research was conducted at the temperature of + 20 centigrade. The 7020 alloy has higher strength properties then alloys: 5083 and 5059. The yield stress is higher by 14.8% compared to 5083 alloy, and by 11.7% compared to the alloy 5059. Plastic properties of an alloy 7020 are the lowest, but with reserves meet the requirements of classification societies. The joints welded by MIG of 7020 alloy have higher strength properties then joints of alloys: 5083 and 5059. Plastic properties of alloy 7020 compared to 5083 alloy are smaller and at the same level as the connector alloy 5059.
PL
W niniejszej pracy podjęto próbę podsumowania obserwacji lęgów mieszanych oraz hybrydów dzięciołów białoszyjego Dendrocopos syriacus (Hempr. et Ehrenb. 1833) i dużego Dendrocopos major (Linnaeus, 1758). Zgromadzono i scharakteryzowano łącznie 17 takich przypadków, których najwięcej zarejestrowano w południowo-wschodniej (N = 7) i północno-wschodniej części kraju (N = 4). Wśród 8 przypadków par mieszanych obu dzięciołów w 7 obserwacjach samicą w parze był białoszyi, a tylko w jednym – duży. Odnotowano także 11 lotnych osobników wykazujących cechy mieszańców międzygatunkowych. W artykule przedstawiono również cechy identyfikacyjne dzięciołów dużego i białoszyjego oraz ich hybrydów. Wśród udokumentowanych lub opisanych przypadków obserwacji mieszańce wykazywały podobny udział cech obydwu gatunków, a nieco rzadziej cechy pośrednie. Analiza zespołu stwierdzonych cech wskazuje na dużą zmienność obserwowanych hybrydów i ich wyglądu oraz głosu. Obrazuje również niewielką liczbę dobrze udokumentowanych lub opisanych spotkań takich ptaków. Te fakty, a także brak precyzyjnie określonego przebiegu zasięgu hybrydyzacji jak również powody kontynuowania powyższego zjawiska wskazują na dalszą potrzebę badań
EN
The paper summarises the cases of mixed broods as well as observations of hybrids of Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus (Hempr. et Ehrenb. 1833) and Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major (Linnaeus, 1758). Altogether 17 cases are presented, the majority of which were recorded in south-eastern (N = 7) and north-eastern (N = 4) parts of Poland. In 7 out of 8 mixed pairs the female was a Syrian Woodpecker and only in one – a Great Spotted Woodpecker. Eleven birds with the features of hybrids were observed. Among the documented and described observations the hybrids had a similar distribution of features of both species and, less frequently, transitional features. The analysis of the complex of recorded features indicates a significant variability of the appearance and voice among the observed hybrids. Well documented or described observations of hybrids are scarce. The above mentioned, as well as the lack of precisely delimited area of hybridisation and the unknown causes of the phenomenon indicate the need for further research
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W pracy zaprezentowano koncepcję, konstrukcję oraz właściwości przenośnego analizatora, umożliwiającego badanie właściwości akustycznych nagłaśnianych pomieszczeń (sal koncertowych, audytoryjnych, budynków sakralnych itp.) oraz obiektów otwartych (stadiony, muszle koncertowe itp.) Mobilność urządzenia pozwala na analizę właściwości akustycznych w wybranych miejscach nagłaśnianego obiektu. Urządzenie dokonuje analizy widmowej sygnału akustycznego, który powstaje po doprowadzeniu do systemu nagłośnieniowego określonego sygnału testowego, np. szumu różowego, białego czy sygnału sinusoidalnego lub dowolnego sygnału, utworzonego przez użytkownika i zapisanego na karcie pamięci flash. Dodatkowo analizator realizuje pomiar czasu pogłosu pomieszczeń zamkniętych oraz wyznacza współczynnik zrozumiałości mowy (RASTI).
EN
The paper presents the concept, structure and properties of a portable analyzer, allowing the study of the sound-profile of enclosed spaces (concert halls, auditorium, religious buildings, etc.) and open facilities (stadiums, concert shells, etc.) The portability of the analyzer allows for analysis of acoustic properties in selected locations of sound-reinforced object. The device performs a spectral analysis of the acoustic signal, which arises after connecting a particular test signal to the sound-reinforcement system, such as pink noise, white or a sinusoidal signal or an arbitrary signal, created by the user and stored on flash memory. In addition, the analyzer carries out the measurement of reverberation time and indoor sets rate speech intelligibility (RASTI).
EN
The results of examining mechanical properties and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of aluminum alloy AW 7020 [AlZn5Mg1] by friction stir welded were presented. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) - a new technology can be successfully used for butt welding of different types of aluminum alloy sheets. In the article the parameters for friction stir welding of sheets made of AlZn5Mg1 [7020] alloy was presented. Metallographic analysis of bonds showed a proper structural construction of the friction stir welded 7020 aluminum alloys. Stress corrosion cracking was examined via the slow-strain-rate-testing (SSRT) according to EN ISO 7539-7. The following parameters were measured: time-to-failure - T [h], obtained max. load - F [N]; strain energy (the diagram surface under the stress-elongation curve) - E [MJ/m3]; relative elongation of the specimen - A10 [%]; max. tensile stress - R [MPa] and narrowing - Z [%]. The tests were carried out on cylindrical notch-free specimens in the air and 3.5% water solution NaCl. Good resistance to stress corrosion was found of friction stir welded 7020 aluminum alloys. The tested samples cracked during SSRT test in the native material. Original value is received results of the stress corrosion resistance of new method friction stir welded AlZn5Mg1 alloy.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań własności mechanicznych oraz podatności na korozję naprężeniową złączy zgrzewanych tarciowo (FSW) stopu AW 7020 [AlZn5Mg1]. Nową technologię zgrzewania tarciowego z przemieszaniem materiału zgrzeiny FSW (Friction Stir Welding) można z powodzeniem stosować do zgrzewania doczołowego blach z różnego rodzaju stopów aluminium. Przedstawiono parametry zgrzewania tarciowego (FSW) zastosowane do połączenia blach ze stopuAlZn5Mg [7020]. Analiza metalograficzna wykazała poprawną budowę strukturalną złączy zgrzewanych stopu aluminium 7020. Badania korozji naprężeniowej wykonano stosując próbę odkształcenia z małą prędkością (10-6 s-1), zgodnie z PN-EN ISO 7539-7. Parametrami mierzonymi podczas badań były: czas do zniszczenia - T [h], uzyskane maksymalne obciążenie - F [N], energia odkształcenia (powierzchnia wykresu pod krzywą naprężenie-wydłużenie) - E [MJ/m3], wydłużenie względne próbki - A10 [%], maksymalne naprężenia rozciągające - R [MPa] oraz przewężenie - Z [%]. Badania wykonano na próbkach gładkich cylindrycznych w powietrzu oraz sztucznej wodzie morskiej. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników badań stwierdzono dobrą odporność na korozję naprężeniową złącza stopu aluminium 7020 zgrzewanego metodą FSW. Oryginalnym osiągnięciem są otrzymane wyniki odporności na korozję naprężeniową złączy stopu AlZn5Mg1 zgrzewanych tarciowo nową metodą Friction Stir Welding.
EN
The article presents the research results of hardness distribution of friction stir welded joint (FSW) of AW-5083 aluminium alloy. During the study used two types of tools: with cylindrical pin and with conical pin. FSW is a method of welding in the solid state, mechanical properties of joints welded by that method can be higher than that for arc welding techniques (MIG, TIG). The parameters of friction stir welding (FSW) used for joining 5083 alloy sheets were presented. Metallographic analysis of chosen joints showed the correct construction of structural bonded joints. The study was carried out using Vickers hardness HV1 in accordance with the requirements of the Polish Standard PN-EN 6507 using a hardness and microhardness-testing machine FM-800. The location of measurement points in the butt joint was determined in accordance with PN-EN 1043-1:2000. The indenter load was 9.8 N. In order to identify areas of particular characteristic of bonded joints macroscopic examination was performed using an optical microscope ZAISS AxioVert A1 MAT. The test specimens were polished and then etched with KELLER reagent. This enabled the precise identification of zones present in the joint, such as weld nugget, thermo-mechanically affected zone and native material. Hardness testing in across researched joints showed that the change of welding parameters in the range proposed in the research does not impact on the hardness distribution in the weld.
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