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1

Úvahy o Mathesiově pojetí vědy, jazyka a gramatiky

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Daneš F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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tom 66

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nr 2

83-97

EN

The then-non-standard conviction of V. Mathesius – that science is an ongoing process of constructing truth and that human cognition represents a simplified reduction or epistemological stylization of experience – now appears to be in accordance with major present-day philosophical approaches. Mathesius’s viewpoint followed primarily from his pronounced activist nature and self-reliant way of thinking, partly influenced by the ideas of E. Sapir, A. Marty, and analytical philosophy. In this study, the philosophical ambience of the Prague Linguistic Circle at that time is also examined. Mathesius understood language as communicative competence, implying communication skills in addition to the system of means. Given that he viewed the utterance (the processes of its encoding and decoding) as alegitimate object of linguistic study, he appears to be a predecessor to modern text linguistics. This study reconsiders Mathesius’s functional grammar project, inspects the development of the ideas behind it more closely and states its psycholinguistic basis.

2

Mezinárodní kongres lingvistů v Praze

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Daneš F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 1

53-60

EN

The XVII International Congress of Linguists took place on July 24–29, 2003 in Prague. It was organized by three Czech academic institutions under the auspices of the Comité International Permanent des Linguistes. The program and agenda of the Congress were divided into four sections: (1) plenary sessions with papers by invited speakers, (2) thematic sessions, each introduced by a state-of-the-art paper, (3) workshop sessions, (4) poster sessions. A book containing all abstracts received (463 pp.) was made available to all participants. The Congress was attended by about five hundred participating linguists from nearly 50 countries and from all continents, and its course and outcome were evaluated positively by both representatives of the CIPL and the individual participants.

3

Takzvané "vztažné věty nepřívlastkové": současné náory na jejich status

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Daneš F.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2009

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tom 92

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nr 4

169-183

EN

The units of this category of non-restrictive (non-defining) clauses do not express a quality of the denotatum of the head noun, but they provide a continuation of the semantic content of the head clause (continuative clauses), present an explanation of it or further information about it, or simply comment on it (explicative clauses). Puristically oriented linguists reject these units as “incorrect”, “false”, whereas other scholars accept them without reservations, some with certain stylistic limitations. The present author points to the stylistic relevance, necessity and utility of this special category of relative clauses and to the fact that they are currently used in various written genres. Such clauses are freely used in a number of European languages and the author does not find any reasonable argument why they should not be considered and accepted as a fully standard, correct means of expression in Czech as well.

4

"Vícehlasí" v českých lidových písních: několik textovělingvistických sond do jejich textury

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Daneš F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2012

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tom 73

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nr 4

312-323

EN

This paper demonstrates the mutual relations between the various “voices” in Czech folk songs and the way in which these voices can be identified. The introductory section characterizes the specific features of the songs: the concision and condensation of their structure, as well as their emotionality of expression. The second section is devoted to the analysis of a selected corpus of folk songs from the perspective of heteroglossia. Their texture appears as a net of relations and functions which operate on different levels, stand in mutual complementarity, partly overlapping, and show differing relevance. Using methods of text linguistics, the author concentrates on two relations and functions – speech acts and compositional functions – as well as personal attitudes. The analysis focuses on utterances with the communicative function of appeal, i.e. on the interrogative and addressing turns which are quite frequent in Czech folk songs, on their interactive structure and modes of direct and indirect speech. The author shows that the song genre has two faces: it is a compact combination of verbal text and its musical part (the tune) which may appear to be uneven in their mutual relations. The last section deals with the phenomenon of intertextuality in the song structure.

5

Řeč hudby a řeč o hudbě

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Daneš F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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tom 66

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nr 1

3-18

EN

This essay discusses several topics concerning the relations between language (linguistics) and music (musicology). The first section deals with the problems of the semiotic interpretation of music (instrumental and absolute) and finds that the difficulties in arriving at clear-cut solutions to them follow from the problematic and unclear status of the signatum of musical works. In the following section, the question of “musical content” is discussed on the basis of two classically opposing standpoints: aesthetic autonomy and aesthetic heteronomy. A further issue examined is the existential mode of musical works (with emphasis on their interpretive essence) and the position of “text” in musical discourse. A small set of established Italian and Czech terms indicating the manner of execution are examined and their semantic vagueness and heterogeneity stated. The final section briefly comments on the various manners and genres of talking and writing about music. In particular, several texts from sleeve notes are critically examined and the usefulness as well as the problematic musicological status and mixed linguo-stylistic qualities of various concert guides, program booklets, etc. are examined.

6

Nad knihou Jazyk, média, politika

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Daneš F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 4

270-285

EN

Two groups of Czech and Slovak linguists collected extensive linguistic material comprising video recordings of parliamentary sessions broadcasted on television, audio recordings of radio debates, video recordings of television interviews and discussion programs, and political advertising material from television and radio. This material was stored in archives (corpora), with the relevant parts of it transcribed, entered into special databases, analysed and evaluated. The book under review is theoretically and methodically well-founded in its evaluative analyses of three typical examples of Czech mass-media political debates and two contributions characterizing political communication in the Slovak media. These content analyses are supplemented by an introductory chapter on polemical features in political discourses. The reviewer, after having critically examined and commented on the individual chapters of the book (adding several personal observations on the issue), concludes that the work is a significant and praiseworthy achievement, successfully highlighting the present state of Czech and Slovak text linguistics, esp. dialogue studies, through both subject relevance and high scientific standard.

7

Pražská škola: názorová univerzália a specifika

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Daneš F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2008

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tom 69

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nr 1-2

9-20

EN

The Prague Linguistic Circle developed from a free platform for discussions into a well-organized group of scholars sharing certain basic principles. The School’s teaching consisted in the integration of three complementary concepts: structure, function, and sign (cf. P. Steiner, 1976). This paper discusses the implementation of these concepts by the Prague linguists, mainly the central members of the Circle (Mathesius, Jakobson, Trnka, Havránek, Karcevskij, Mukařovský). Because the members of the group were distinct individuals, their implementation of these principles showed a great variety of opinion. Specific differences may be found on the horizontal axis (between individuals or groupings) as well as on the vertical one (evolution of common principles or the opinions of individuals). This paper deals with opinion divergences in: 1. the treatment of the notion of functionalism (the sophisticated teleological treatment by R. Jakobson vs. the common-sense one by V. Mathesius), 2. the approach to the phenomenon of Standard Language (rather rationalistically by B. Havránek et al. vs. V. Mathesius’ view of language “as a living organism” and emphasis on the expressive and emotional functions), 3. the apprehension and evaluation of artistic literature (J. Mukařovský’s highly sophisticated and abstract aesthetic conception vs. V. Mathesius’s humanistic and moralizing view).

8

O písmenku c a o písmenech a hláskách vůbec

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Daneš F.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2008

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tom 91

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nr 3

127-134

EN

The most considerable deviation from the phonological principle applied in Czech orthography is the existence of two graphemes, i and y (called “soft” and “hard”, respectively) standing for one and the same phoneme /i/. The distribution of the two graphemes is controlled by certain rules, which, in turn, bring forth some spelling problems on the level of morphology. One of these follows from the fact that the grapheme c has been traditionally (and problematically) classed among “soft (palatal) graphemes” (sic!). The author analyzes the situation in some detail and evaluates different possibilities for solving the problems, discusses the overall position of the grapheme y in the whole vocabulary of contemporary Czech, and suggests some adjustments for contemporary usage. Two background assumptions are highlighted: first, that the basic distinction phonemegrapheme should be consequently maintained in all cases, and second, that the high complexity of natural languages entails certain weak points and irregularities in spelling systems.

9

O dvou (a více) typech parataktického spojení vztažných vět

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Čmejrková S. , Daneš F.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2011

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tom 94

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nr 1

14-33

EN

The syntactic structure of a well-organized text is often constricted and the connections between its elements clear enough to mark their relations using punctuation. Yet in contemporary Czech texts, this constriction may be loosened: the clause which should be subordinate to the main clause becomes independent, as if aspiring to become a new main clause. This is the case of complex sentences in which the substantive phrase of the main clause branches out into one relative clause followed by another coordinate relative clause whose dependence on the main clause is not expressed through the repetition of the relative pronoun.