Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Trwoga na polu bitwy – wybrane aspekty dziewiętnastowiecznych dyskusji o żołnierskim strachu

100%

Czekalski T.

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nr 4

PL

Fear on the battlefield – selected aspects of nineteenth century debate on soldierly fearWhat seems to be especially interesting to historians undertaking research into the issue of the “culture of fear” in the 19th century is a confrontation of “traditional” fear associated with forces of nature with “civilization-based fear”, caused by a rapid development of industrial culture and a demographic revolution. Yet although the 19th c. literature devoted to the theory of fear seems to be quite prolific and varied, the topic of battlefield fear, or else fear experienced by soldiers, seems to be relatively unexplored. The image of an undaunted fearless soldier, which had been shaped by European Romanticism up until the end of the 19th c. had not been subjected to a fundamental verification. It was only the studies carried out by psychologists at the turn of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th c., and especially the experiences of the First World War that had forced researchers to modify their views with regard to soldierly fear. The protracted trench war had caused reactions among soldiers which had by far surpassed the schematic conceptions of emotions experienced on the battlefield, inducing scholars to undertake more complex research devoted to the issue of soldierly fear.

2

Balkan Orthodox Churches in Soviet Union policy (in the first years after the Second World War)

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Czekalski T.

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tom 30

207-224

EN

The aim of the article is to present the concept and actions taken by the Soviet diplomacy and the hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church to subjugate the Orthodox communities in the communist Balkan countries. The mechanism of the subjugation of the Balkan churches has been included into a comparative perspective and integrated into the broader concept of the Moscow Patriarchate towards gaining a leading role in the Orthodox world in the first years after the end of the Second World War. The process of dependency and its effects are reflected in diplomatic documents, but also in those produced by the Orthodox Churches themselves. The key element for gaining central position in the Orthodox world by Moscow was the organisation of anniversary celebrations and conferences to integrate the community and to involve it in the implementation of plans towards Soviet political domination. The results of these efforts were very limited in relation to ambitions outlined by the leadership of the Soviet state, revealing differing positions of the major patriarchates, as well as a real strength of authority and prestige that the Ecumenical Patriarchate invariably enjoyed.

3

Lokalne tradycje kulinarne w procesie integracji serbskiego rynku żywnościowego z Unią Europejską

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Czekalski T.

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tom 56

PL

Spośród państw regionu bałkańskiego Serbię wyróżnia ogromny areał ziem uprawnych (około 5 milionów hektarów), z czego ponad 80 procent jest wykorzystywanych przez rolnictwo. Produkty żywnościowe stanowią jeden z najważniejszych komponentów serbskiego eksportu. Od 1 marca 2012 roku, kiedy Serbia uzyskała status państwa kandydującego do Unii Europejskiej, szansą przetrwania dla rozbudowanego sektora rolno-spożywczego stało się przygotowanie go do skutecznej rywalizacji z państwami unijnymi o bardzo podobnej ofercie towarowej. Okazję na zwiększenie chłonności rynku wewnętrznego stwarza wzrost świadomości kulinarnej społeczeństwa serbskiego, które mimo kryzysu ekonomicznego coraz częściej poszukuje nowych, nieznanych dotąd smaków lub nowych form dla smaków znanych w serbskiej kuchni. Prawdziwym wyzwaniem dla serbskiego rolnictwa staje się promocja turystyki kulinarnej, stwarzająca możliwość skutecznego konkurowania z innymi krajami bałkańskimi, przedstawiającymi bardziej zróżnicowaną ofertę atrakcji turystycznych. Promocja serbskich produktów regionalnych odbywa się poprzez imprezy należące do kanonu turystyki kulinarnej – festiwale, konkursy kulinarne, turystyczne szlaki kulinarne, a także rekonstrukcje kuchni średniowiecznej. Turystyka kulinarna w realiach Serbii otwiera możliwości dla zrównoważonego rozwoju obszarów peryferyjnych, a jednocześnie pozwala na zachowanie starych zwyczajów i tradycji.

EN

Its huge area of cultivated lands (about 5 million hectares) makes Serbia stand out against other states of the Balkan region. Food products are still one of the most important components of Serbian export. From 1 March 2012, when Serbia was granted the candidate status to the European Union, making ready to effectively competite with the Member States of the EU, which offer very similar products, became a chance of survival for Serbia’s agricultural and –food industry sector . A chance to increase the absorbency of the internal market creates an increasing culinary awareness in the Serbian society; despite the economic crisis, the Serbians are looking for new, previously unknown tastes or new taglines for tastes already known in Serbian cuisine. The real challenge for Serbian agriculture is the promotion of culinary tourism, which involves exhibiting the ability to compete with other Balkan countries by depicting a more diverse range of attractions.Promotion of the regional products is done by events typical for culinary tourism – festivals, culinary competitions, culinary tourist routes, as well as reconstructions of medieval cuisine. In the realities of Serbia, culinary tourism opens the opportunities for sustainable development of the periphery areas and, at the same time, makes it possible to retain old customs and traditions.

4

Baballaret e Kombit – charakterystyka i aktywność albańskich elit politycznych w toku I wojny bałkańskiej

100%

Czekalski T.

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2012

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tom 19

197-206

EN

The process of creation of Albanian modern state had a crucial point in November 1912, during First Balkan War. The group of Albanian national activists from southern part of Albania and from some diaspora communities gathered in Vlora to proclaim independence of Albanian State. In the specific circumstances created by war, only a part of invited delegates could attend in Vlora meeting. The analysis of their age, profession and religious affilation showed significant differences in comparison with contemporary Albanian society. Majority of Albanian acitivists and insurgents (among them very influential Kosovo Albanians) was marginalised in the first phase of creation of Albanian state. The problem of representativeness of delegates in Vlora was one of the main obstacle in the cooperation of Albanians in the times of Principality of Albania (1912-1914).

5

Promises of 1968. Crisis, Illusion and Utopia, red. Vladimir Tismaneanu

51%

Czekalski T.

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nr 1