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1

GDANSK CLAVICHORDS AND HARPSICHORDS IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES

100%

Vogel B.

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nr 1(192)

79-101

EN

Gdansk (Danzig) was famous as a centre of musical instrument manufacture during the 16th-18th centuries. Dozens of viol-makers and violin-makers, wind instrument makers, and finally keyboard instrument makers were recorded throughout that period. Viols, trumpets and harpsichords from Gdansk are listed in many court, church, convent and town inventories from Poland, Scandinavian and other countries. What is more, many apprentices and journeymen from various countries were trained there and, for example, the Swedish authorities attempted to bring in keyboard instrument makers from Gdansk to Sweden, to start local manufacture, in the first half of the 18th century. This article attempts to paint a picture of a small aspect of Gdansk instrument making, namely clavichord and harpsichord manufacture during the 17th-18th centuries. Little research material from that period has survived to the present day. All we have in terms of physical evidence is one spinet made by Paul Steinicht in 1661, two harpsichord lids with painted decoration attributed to Gdansk artists, and one design of such decoration by a Gdansk painter from the end of the 16th century. On the other hand, surviving archival sources and various newspapers' announcements were rich enough in information to make the reconstruction of the history of local clavichord- and harpsichord-making possible. The paper then discusses the types of clavichords and harpsichords made in Gdansk during that period, including hybrids of the claviorgan type. It was possible to define their construction and the decoration used in various stages of the instruments' development. Surviving posthumous inventories of Gdansk citizens have also made it possible to determine the social function of the clavichord and harpsichord. While there were many instrument-makers in Gdansk, biographies of only a dozen or so, who undoubtedly made clavichords and harpsichords, are given in the Annex, among them those of Marten Kawinsky, Heinrich Bernhard Kein, Jacob Machowsky, Georg Wilhelm Rasmus, Johann Daniel Weber and Johann Werner Woge. The social status of Gdansk craftsmen is also discussed.

2

"Pionowa ulica". Rozwój sąsiedzkiej jednostki mieszkaniowej

63%

Vogel B. , Vogel J.

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tom nr 2

36--41

3

E-learning innovations for the education of general practitioners at the Bavarian Virtual University (BVU) – a model for other countries

38%

Vogel B. , Kormann C. , Mehring M. , Schneider A. , Offenbächer M. , Kohls N. , Schelling J.

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2015

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tom Vol. 11, no. 2

107--111

EN

The Bavarian Virtual University (BVU) offers resources to develop and implement e-learning courses and allows open access to information and provides the capacity to share information. Students of Bavarian universities can participate easily in these courses. Thus, the barriers to enter a university are now much lower. E-learning will be supported by the use of the learning and authoring software CASUS. It optimises the creation of virtual patients and guarantees a common standard and a high quality throughout the whole e-learning course. Methods: This paper describes the application process of proposals at BVU and the development process of online courses with CASUS using the example of “General Practice”. The conceptual structure of the program and its specific rationale is presented herein. In addition, the number of participating students is analysed when the online course is integrated in the curriculum or when it is not. Results: The e-learning course General Practice includes a total of 48 scenarios. They focus on the heuristics in General Practice of prevention and primary care. If the online courses are integrated in the curriculum, the number of students participating in e-learning courses increases. The integration of virtual patients (VPs) into practical training may improve the perceived benefit. Probably, there is no need for examinations to prove students’ knowledge if they can apply contents in the practical training. To answer this question, an evaluation of students’ and teachers’ perspective is needed. In addition, it is challenging to define one level of education for students of different universities. Hence, new methods are needed to develop and evaluate generally accepted standards that fit all participating universities and their students. Conclusions: The application of proposals at BVU and creating VPs with the learning and authoring system CASUS can be highly recommended to other universities, as well as the establishment of organisations like BVU in other countries.