Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie uwarunkowań i ocena skuteczności oddziaływania środków cybernetycznych zastosowanych podczas wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej. Analiza dotyczy przede wszystkim wymiaru podmiotowego, aby pokazać, że w cyberprzestrzennym wymiarze tej wojny uczestniczą nie tylko strony konfliktu kinetycznego, tj. Rosja i Ukraina. Dlatego też ocenie poddane zostaną zarówno podmioty niepaństwowe i instytucje międzynarodowe, jak i podmioty państwowe wspierające Ukrainę. Wnioski wskazują, że jako konflikt w cyberprzestrzeni wojna ta nie jest konfliktem dwustronnym, lecz wielostronnym o zmiennej dynamice, w którym zmienia się także liczba i rodzaj walczących.
EN
The purpose of this article is to examine the determinants and evaluate the effectiveness of the impact of cyber measures used during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The analysis is primarily concerned with the subject dimension, in order to show that the cyber dimension of this war involves not only the parties to the kinetic conflict, i.e. Russia and Ukraine. Therefore, both non-state actors and international institutions, as well as state actors supporting Ukraine, will be assessed. The conclusions indicate that as a conflict in cyberspace, this war is not a bilateral conflict, but a multilateral one with changing dynamics, in which the number and type of combatants also change.
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The issue of identity is one of key categories within social sciences, and in view of international relations, it acquires both functional and theoretical value. In international relations theory, the position of conceptual trends investigating national and state-national identity has been consolidated since the quarter of the last century, which may result from, inter alia, a renaissance of social interest in finding an answer to such questions as: who am I, what do I identify with, and what community do I associate my interests with. Own characteristics, views, aspirations, needs and interests are developed within identifications processes, which is indirectly reflected in created institutions, social order, political and economic systems1. However, it should be understood that a historical change implies an identity change as it is modelled according to metamorphoses, which a state’s surroundings undergo. Identity is also worth being considered as a relation between a historically determined set of values and the process of individuals becoming subjectively conscious of them. As a result, a sense of collective identity is a sense of belonging to a community, even if it is based on ideas. As a rule, two aspects of collective identity are developed with the participation of political institutions: signs of solidarity among community members and clearly distinguished and consolidated borders with the external world.
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