Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The nature of Contemporary Terrorism: Selected Features and Statistical Data

100%

Chojnowski L.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej

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2018

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nr 1

42-54

EN

The paper presents selected features of contemporary terrorism. It emphasizes the role of a religious factor, which to a large extent determines the specificity of the contemporary wave of this phenomenon. Religion is used to justify the scale and brutality of methods and techniques of terrorist attacks, and also allows to acquire fighters ready to sacrifice their lives by carrying out suicide attacks. The paper also points to other features of modern terrorism: its mediality, internationalization, spread of suicide attacks, lack of terrorist self-limitation in the use of violence, disintegration, on one hand, and attempts to create quasi-state structures (ISIS), on the other, variants of terrorism described by the terms cyber-terrorism and super-terrorism. In the second part of the paper, selected statistical data on terrorist attacks, broken down by their various types that complement the picture of modern terrorism, are cited.

2

THE ORIGINS AND WAVES OF TERRORISM

100%

Chojnowski L.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej

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2017

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nr 4

EN

The level of publicity on issues related to terrorism means that in opinions of many it has become one of the main problems of the modern world. But in reality, the phenomenon of terrorism has been present in societies almost from the beginning of human history and its perception may not have changed so much over time. The paper presents the genesis and waves of terrorism throughout history, with special emphasis on the beginning of this phenomenon identified with the activity of Sicarii organisation in the first century; the birth of modern terrorism at the end of the 18th century; its intensification in the interwar period and in the second half of the twentieth century.

3

On Terrorism and its Typologies

100%

Chojnowski L.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2020

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tom 33(33)

22-39

EN

The article refers to selected aspects of knowledge about terrorism and its typology. The introduction explains the etymology of this concept and highlights the problem of diversity in the definition of terrorism. The next part cites several definitions of terrorism, which, in the author’s opinion, reflect the essence of this phenomenon. The difference between terrorism and terror, which are two terms that should not be used interchangeably, is also explained. The next part of the article illustrates the source of the problem which makes it impossible to agree on a commonly accepted definition of terrorism by giving an example of the wording of the Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism. Then, the inherent feature of terrorism is explained, which is its asymmetry. The last part of the article concerns a typology of terrorism. It presents in a synthetic way various categories of terrorism, distinguished according to such criteria as: actors, motives, strategic (final) goals, close (closer) goals, type of actions, nature of the object of attacks, international implications, and means and methods used by terrorists. The article ends with a concise summary of the considerations on the theoretical aspects of terrorism undertaken in it.

4

Modern Understanding of Security: Basic Terminology

100%

Chojnowski L.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2017

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tom 24(24)

50-61

EN

This article presents the basic terminology for contemporary security concepts. It defines the concept of security itself and related terms such as security as a need and value, subjective and objective security, security as a process, external and internal security, subjectand object-related dimension of security, security analysis levels, security categories: political, military, economic, cultural and identity-based, environmental and societal, as well as security opportunities, challenges and threats. The terminology presented in this article is a synthesis of the author’s reflections on theoretical foundations of security published in the monograph: Bezpieczeństwo. Zarys teorii (Security: A Theoretical Outline) published by the Academic Publishing House of the Pomeranian University in Słupsk.

5

Rywalizacja strategiczna w cyberprzestrzeni i jej konsekwencje dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego

63%

Banasik M. , Chojnowski L.

Przegląd Geopolityczny

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2024

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tom 48

69-90

PL

Celem badań było wyjaśnienie mechanizmów prowadzenia rywalizacji strategicznej, w tym w cyberprzestrzeni oraz zidentyfikowanie wyzwań i zagrożeń z niej wynikających dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Do rozwiązania problemów badawczych zastosowano analizę i krytykę literatury, obserwację nieuczestniczącą oraz studium przypadków. W procesie badawczym ustalono, że w najbliższej dekadzie rywalizacja strategiczna będzie najbardziej intensywnie przebiegała pomiędzy Stanami Zjednoczonymi, a Chinami i Federacją Rosyjską. Największymi zagrożeniami dla obowiązującego ładu międzynarodowego będą ambicje państw rewizjonistycznych związane z roszczeniami terytorialnymi i rozszerzaniem stref wpływów. Państwa te będą wykorzystywać głównie niemilitarne instrumenty oddziaływania, w tym cyberprzestrzeń, aby uzyskać przewagę nad konkurującymi ze sobą społeczeństwami. Cyberprzestrzeń stanowić będzie nie tylko główny filar rywalizacji, ale również dla niej alternatywę.

EN

The purpose of the research was to clarify the mechanisms of strategic competition, including in cyberspace, and to identify the challenges and threats arising from it for international security. Literature analysis and criticism, non-participatory observation and case studies were used to solve the research problems. In the research process, it was determined that in the next decade the strategic competition will be most intense between the United States, and China and the Russian Federation. The biggest threats to the existing international order will be the ambitions of revisionist states related to territorial claims and expansion of spheres of influence. These states will use mainly non-military instruments of influence, including cyberspace, to gain an advantage over competing societies. Cyberspace will not only be the main pillar of competition, but also an alternative to it.