Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Modals, Speech Acts and (Im)Politeness: Interactions in Shakespeare’s Plays

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Nakayasu M.

Studia Anglica Posnaniensia

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2013

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tom 48

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nr 4

5-33

EN

This paper accounts for how modals are interrelated with speech acts and (im)politeness, to offer a new perspective to the interactions in Shakespeare’s plays. A variety of strategies to save or attack the hearer’s positive or negative face are taken into account within the frameworks of Brown & Levinson (1987) and Culpeper (1996), and the interplay between these strategies is observed in relation to the modals. Furthermore, this study analyses how speech acts performed with the aid of modals are associated with (im)politeness strategies, based on the inventory of speech acts proposed by Nakayasu (2009). It has been shown that there are more strategies to save or attack the hearer’s positive face in Shakespeare which are employed with the use of modals. The analysis reinforces the proposal by Kopytko (1993, 1995) that social interactions in Shakespeare’s time were positive politenessoriented, going further to extend the analysis to impoliteness, and suggests the interrelated nature of modality, speech acts and (im)politeness.

2

Towards a pragmatic analysis of modalsshallandwillin Chaucer's language

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Nakayasu M.

Studia Anglica Posnaniensia

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2011

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tom 46

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nr 4

73-96

EN

This paper attempts to provide the first systematic analysis of the modals SHALL and WILL in Chaucer's language from pragmatic viewpoints. In addition to speech acts and alternation in discourse, this study examined modality in detail, which has a close relationship to pragmatic factors.Whereas SHALL is distributed across all kind of modalities, WILL has a limited variety, with a strong preference to dynamic modality. The inventory of speech acts suggests a strong connection to relevant modality, although some cases are not related to any particular modality. WILL again has a more limited variety than SHALL. Incorporating these results into analysis, the scope of examination is extended to the alternation in discourse, i.e., discourse markers, successive employments of the same modal, and alternative uses of both modals. The findings here which other studies would ascribe simply to a matter of variation are in fact well-motivated and controlled by various factors such as modality, speaker-based vs. hearer-based speech acts, and social role.It is suggested that further analysis of discourse and modals in other periods will shed more light on the pragmatic development of the modal and temporal systems in English.

3

Wilt Thou Be Lord of all the World? Modals and Persuasion in Shakespeare

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Nakayasu M.

Studia Anglica Posnaniensia

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2014

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tom 49

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nr 1

5-30

EN

Persuasion is defined as human communication designed to influence the judgements and actions of others (Simons & Jones 2011). The purpose of this research is to analyse the discourse of persuasion in Shakespeare from the perspective of historical pragmatics (Jucker & Taavitsainen 2010), with particular attention to modals employed as part of the strategies. The modals under investigation are proximal and distal central modals, SHALL/SHOULD, WILL/WOULD, CAN/COULD, MAY/MIGHT, MUST, and the contracted form ’LL. The data for the present study is drawn from The Riverside Shakespeare (Evans 1997) and the concordance by Spevack (1968-1980). The corpus includes both cases where the persuasion attempt is successful and unsuccessful. After defining persuasion in comparison to speech acts, quantitative analysis reveals how frequently the persuader and the persuadee employ a modal regarding each type of modality and speech act. Further analysis shows in what manner the persuader and the persuadee interact with each other in discourse resorting to the following strategies: modality, proximal and distal meanings of the modal, speech act of each utterance including a modal, and use of the same modal or switching modals in interaction. This research thus clarifies how effectively speakers attempted to persuade others in interactions, shedding light on communication mechanisms in the past.

4

Spatio-temporal systems in Chaucer’s language: A discourse-pragmatic analysis

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Nakayasu M.

Linguistics Beyond and Within

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2019

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tom 5

120-134

EN

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a discourse-pragmatic analysis of the spatio-temporal systems in Chaucer’s language along the lines of historical pragmatics and discourse analysis. The text used for analysis is “The knight’s tale” adopted from the Riverside edition of The Canterbury tales. Language has built-in spatio-temporal systems by which speakers judge how distant the situations they wish to express are from their domain, i.e. proximal or distal. Spatio-temporal elements can be connected to each other to take either a proximal or a distal perspective in discourse. Based on this approach, the present paper performs a detailed examination of the spatio-temporal elements, and addresses the following questions: 1) How does the perspective change as the discourse progresses? and 2) What factors are relevant to this change in discourse? To provide answers to these questions, this paper will investigate: 1) elements which structure discourse, 2) elements which promote a proximal or a distal perspective, 3) elements which trigger alternations of these perspectives, and 4) factors which facilitate the alternation of elements in either the spatial, the temporal, or the integrated spatio-temporal domain.

5

Space and Time in Middle English Letters: Dialogues Between Paston Men and Women

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Nakayasu M.

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny

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2018

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nr 1

120-135

PL

Celem tego artykułu jest analiza sposobów komunikacji pomiędzy mężczyznami i kobietami z rodziny Paston, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem systemów przestrzenno-czasowych. Uwaga autora skupia się na następujących zagadnieniach: (1) jaki wpływ na wybór elementów przestrzenno-czasowych ma płeć piszącego, (2) jaki wpływ na te elementy ma związek istniejący pomiędzy autorem, a odbiorcą oraz (3) w jaki sposób związek ten jest odzwierciedlony w systemach przestrzenno-czasowych dyskursu.

EN

The purpose of this paper is to analyse how Paston men and women communicated with each other by letters, laying emphasis on the spatio-temporal systems. Special attention will be given to the following points: (1) how writer’s gender is related to the selection of spatio-temporal elements, (2) how the relationship between the writer and the recipient affects these elements, and (3) how that relationship is involved with the spatio-temporal systems in discourse.