Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Retoryka, matematyka, fizyka i dowodzenia. Wprowadzenie do dyskusji

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Lichański J. Z.

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nr 2

21-37

EN

The aim of the text is to present a hypothesis called by me Aristotle-Ax hypothesis, which held that: first – every sentence/every period in any language N may be distributed/decomposed into two levels: léxis and dianoia. Second – sentence/period is characterized by elementary semantics, which allows all users of language N to understand the sentence/period. Third – if the sentence/period n becomes the text, which is a finite sum of correct sentences/periods defined at the level of léxis, this ex definitio must be used rule structure dianoia level. These rules are defined by the laws of poetics and rhetoric, and which are well known used by all users of the language N. Those rules apply in any language, also formalized. The author also refers to the considerations by Immanuel Kant, Chaïm Perelman and Alfred Tarski on a similar topic. Therefore, the principles of the rhetoric also apply to the language of mathematics, resp. of physics.

PL

Celem tekstu jest przedstawienie hipotezy nazwanej przeze mnie hipotezą Arystotelesa-Axa, która orzeka, iż: po pierwsze – każde zdanie/każdy period n w dowolnym języku N można rozłożyć na dwie płaszczyzny: léxis i dianoia. Po drugie – zdanie/period cechuje ‘elementarna semantyka’, która umożliwia wszystkim użytkownikom języka N rozumienie zdania/periodu. Po trzecie – jeżeli zdanie/period n staje się tekstem, czyli skończoną sumą poprawnych zdań/periodów określonych na płaszczyźnie léxis, to ex definitio muszą zostać użyte reguły konstrukcji płaszczyzny dianoia. Reguły te określają poetyka i retoryka, którymi posługują się wszyscy użytkownicy języka N. Wskazane zasady obowiązują w dowolnym języku, także sformalizowanym.Autor odwołuje się także do rozważań Immanuela Kanta oraz Chaïma Perelmana, a także Alfreda Tarskiego na zbliżony temat.A zatem zasady retoryki dotyczą także i języka matematyki, resp. fizyki.

2

Retoryka: od Richarda E. Volkmanna do czasów najnowszych (rozwój dyscypliny)

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Lichański J. Z.

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2013

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tom 11 (21)

75 - 91

EN

The aim of the article is to describe the development of the study of rhetoric — “the theory of the text and the science of reasoning on uncertain premises” — from the time of Richard E. Volkmann’s Die Rhetorik der Griechen und Römer in systematischer Übersicht dargestellt, Leipzig 1885 [repr. Olms, Hildesheim 1963, 1987; repr. [elibron] 2005; repr BiblioBazaar 2010] to this day. The author seeks to recognize trends in the study of rhetoric, starting with the tradition of classical philology including word processing, as well as their interpretation, the formation of such trends as rhetorical criticism, nouvelle rhetorique of Chaim Perelman, Kenneth Burke’s school or comparative and contrastive approach. A separate place takes here an attempt at a synthesis by Heinrich Lausberg, Thomas Sloane, Walter Jost and Wandy Olmsted and the authors from the circle of the Historisches Woerterbuch der Rhetorik.The problem in today’s research on rhetoric, on the one hand, the emergence of it in various research fields, such as architecture, sociology, psychology, political science, on the other hand — increases difficulties in determining the scope of rhetoric on the one hand, and such learning, communication, and linguistics on the other. We should also note that rhetoric today is commonly confused with oratory, style, and even considered a science of only historical values, as a variety of historical poetics.However, it should be stressed that rhetoric, in different ways in different countries, has always been and still is present as the foundation of the school, academic education as well as in various courses such as improving writing skills and public speaking. At the same time, programs such as WAC (Writing Across the Curriculum) or WID (Writing in the Disciplines) realize that rhetoric is the condition sine qua non of their existence. At the end the author puts forward the thesis that trial, story, any field of knowledge can usually be still an open book, to which each new generation adds, at least, weighty contributions, which is not especially new. However, we are not always aware of the fact that new discoveries can affect our perception and understanding of not only learning the subject, but also its place within other disciplines. Sometimes — the consequences that bring with it a change in the current perception of specific knowledge. As regards the terms of rhetoric — the matter may have quite serious consequences — not only for this study. Finally, one of the most prominent scholars of today, Wayne C. Booth, is presented and part of his latest book entitled, The Need for Rhetorical Studies Today. In the conclusion the author argues that rhetoric, as Richard E. Volkmann wanted is analogous to logic, and, as suggested by Michael Billig, it is “the traditional study and practice of argumentation, provides an entry to an understanding of thinking.”

3

Hermanna Brocha analiza faszyzmu

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Lichański J. Z. , Ganczar M.

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nr 3

7-26

EN

Like many other German-speaking writers, Hermann Broch was forced to emigrate from Nazi Germany at the end of the 1930s. It was partly due to the criticism of the fascist movement that he had presented in the then-titled Bergroman [Mountain Novel], which took its final shape as Der Versucher [The Seducer] and was published posthumously under the title The Spell [Die Verzauberung]. Another novel depicting the development of fascism is Broch’s Die Schuldlosen: Ein Roman in elf Erzählungen [The Guiltless Ones. A Novel in Eleven Stories]. Broch also wrote Adolf Hitler’s Farewell Address, an essay that can be read as a sort of completion to the abovementioned books since it providesan even more directinsight into the Nazi mind, portraying it from within. In his works, Hermann Broch describes spiritual as well as specifically social roots of fascism: any autocratic movement characterized by the rejection of Platonic idealism and thus, inevitably, of the Christian tradition itself.